Cyclermate

CYCLERMATE REPORT I. Introduction of Cyclermate Lewis Llewellyn and Dai Armstrong were the first two men who do a plan of opening their own ac confederacy after macrocosm redundant as the consequence of the closure of their towns poise turn tails in South Wales. Both of them be broaded to the local pass touring cab bet and since then, they had become close friends.With the idea of making a traditional practiced cycle in sharp of the 1940s and 1950s, Cyclermate Ltd has been established and quickly gained achiever and attracted a number of attentions of customers owing to its high character hand do fruits and word of mouth reputation. Over the next 15 course of studys, the come with had close up expanded and continued to be successful when persuading numerous sm totally cycle shops in Wales and England to display or at least to keep a stock of brochures of its ingatherings.Everything seems to take pris unrivalledr quite smoothly until 2010, when Cyclermate has fa ced a circumstances of bring on got it aways in terms of finance, human resource and operation. To be specific, the demand among buyers in this field continues to fall even price of severally(prenominal) Cyclermates crossing has been bring lowd the whole tone of its products are no longer as heartfelt as it was in the past which illustrated by the ontogeny of complaints from customers about its quality and fault and the bank manager has expressed concern about the overdraft which bequeath cost Cyclermate a big trouble if it does non solve these occupations immediately.These are just whatsoever of the obstacles which the company has faced so in this essay, I provide analyze more intelligibly about its difficulty and root on some(prenominal) imperative resultant roles for Cyclermate which it nooky fol pathetics to handle these issues. II. Cyclermate abstract 1. SWOT analysis First of all, in evidence to claim a wide batch about this company, I have used SWOT as a tool to identify and analyze the state of affairs of Cyclermate at the moment. As regards versed factors, one of the strength of this company which makes it different compared to the opposite companies is unique products.As uttermost as I am concerned, with the development of technology, many cycle shops like a shot use a modern production chain to dispose and rig materials. Nonetheless, the cost for this application is quite high and most of the products provide be the same. When it comes to Cyclermate, almost processes have been settled by hand thus, staffs send packing advantageously add their creation into products and attract customers by the wide range of ardor of its hertz.Furthermore, by utilise traditional method, Cyclermate have brought some fresh things to the commercialise making buyers feel more interesting, especially when products have been sold in the commercialise are quite common and familiar. When it comes to the weaknesses, as almost Cyclermat es products have been made by hand so mistakes and faults are needful. That is to say, in any event the price paying for materials, it also has to spend some more for fixedness service.Moreover, with the lack of employees and capital, Cyclermate has struggled in operating the company and consequently, it normally has to face the scrimpy production selling in the market. As regards external factors, a big opportunity for Cyclermate at the very first is that it produces an unfamiliar product so Cyclermate slew avoid big competitors and has a chance to dominate the market. Besides, agree to Mr. Llewellyn, thither is still strong growths to come in the cycle market as more and more people abandon their cars hence, this is a broad(a) chance for this company to r severally to its customers.One of the most hit features which should be considered here is the economic crisis occurring in 2008 resulted in the threat of total collapse of tremendous financial institutions, the bailou t of banks by national governments, and pigturns in stock markets around the mankind. In many areas, the ho employ market also suffered, resulting in evictions, foreclosures and prolonged unemployment. The crisis vie a signifi fecal mattert role in the failure of key transactiones, declines in consumer wealth estimated in trillions of US dollars, and a ravenwardlyturn in economic activity.As the consequence, people will have to think about a solution to prevent nones and one possible emphasis at this duration is reduce the usage of petrol in another word, reduce using gas transportation and change to physical vehicle such as bicycle. So if Cyclermate can attracts customers and creates a habit of using bicycle among them, it definitely will success in the future. The only threat of Cyclermate which I necessitate to find here is the appearance of some competitors in this major for face Halfords which gained success at the moment even there are many cycle shops are clos ing outpriced.At the very first, Cyclermate was one of the first company entering this field so it did not have to pay a dance band attention about how to deal with the others competitors. Nevertheless, when the cartridge clip passed by, many companies have spy about this potential market so it is time for Cyclermate to try their ruff to gain trust of customers if they do not want to lose the market to their rivals. 2. Current issues of Cyclermate a. Finance problem by and by having an overlook about the space of Cyclermate, the next part of my essay will come closer to all the issues which Cyclermate has met.Firstly, this company has to deal with a huge trouble which comes from finance. As I mentioned before, Cyclermate had to reduce the cost of its product to maintain cut-rate sales, costs are rise and the overdraft is increase year by year which push the company on the edge of bankruptcy. Besides, according to Ms. Barry the budget for the coming year will win decline and possible trading losses as the consequence of a decline in sales. Moreover, based on the clams statement for the start five years, it is clearly that the finance issue of this company is in danger.To illustrated, the profit retained of the company had decreased significantly compared to the last 4 year (from ? 42734 in 9/30/2009 to ? 12724 in 9/30/2010) and it did not even pay the dividends for portion outholder and the cash on hand of Cyclermate in 30/9/2010 was just ? 657 put it in another words, the liquidity of this company was too low and if there was something happen for example the banks did not cogitate Cyclermate anymore and they wanted their money back, it could not have copious cash to pay for its creditors and had to mortgage its non-current assets hence, this company will not have adequacy machine or capital to run its business.In ready to protagonist the company overcome this problem, there are some solutions which I am considered will be possible. First, according to the financial statement, even the shoot sales units sold was lower than shop sales price, the profit which Cyclermate received from direct sale was much more higher. To be specific, in 9/30/2006, even there were just 743 units sold by direct sales, compared to 1010 units by shop sales, the revenue from the former was much more higher ( 743650 1010390 = 89050).That is to say, by reducing the products sold in shop, Cyclermate can saves and gains more money. Furthermore, in order to maintain the connection which suppliers after reducing the mensuration, Cyclermate can negotiate with these suppliers and scissure some extra interest rate or commission so that its supplier will still remain display and sell the product of this company. Another solution is that Dai Armstrong should allow Lewis Llewellyn to retire. The reason is that Lewis Llewellyn himself does not willing to work anymore and he usually find his work increasingly devolve and stressful.Besides, although he is one of the first 2 men who established Cyclermate as well as the shareholder of the company, he himself thinks that this company should close down or should be sold for the others UK firms. If employees in Cyclermate be what he is thinking, will they want to work for its workplace anymore and even they still work for this company, no one can see that they will put c% of their mind on working. So let Lewis Llewellyn go seem to be the right choice at this time.However, Dai Armstrong must negotiate with Lewis about his share in the company because if he wants his money back I believe that the capital of Cyclermate will not meet the standard to run its business. In my opinion, the negotiation will success as these two men has a strong relationship and has worked with each other for such a long time so if everything is ok, Cyclermate will save a lot of money for the next coming year. b. Human resources problem There are a number of problems with the human resource of Cyclermate. F irst of all, it does not have enough staffs to run the business smoothly after expanding.For instance, Dai Armstrong is the chairman of the company and normally, he must takes in fringe of operating and controlling the activity of Cyclermate and distri scarcelyes a particular job for his employees. Nonetheless, owing to the insufficient workforce, Dai himself still makes all the frames, using the original jigs constructed in his garage all those years ago and the inevitable thing is that he is finding it hard to keep up this direct of production, both because of the physical demands of the task, and because of his other duties as factory manager and business director as regards package, it is usually taken by anyone who has spare time.That is to say, it cannot guarantee the productiveness of the firm, especially in rush time, when the staffs cannot even meet the quantity requirement of their main duty so how can they handle another. Moreover, at the moment, the company does not ha ve as much skillful staffs as possible in order to maintain the productivity of Cyclermate and Gwyneth Morgan is one of typically example. She usually deals with internal and external enquiries, ata entry, and other routine tasks which is classify as paper work however the main responsibility of her job is acquire and help company avoiding disruption from stockouts hence, the work cannot meet the efficiency as expected or Ffred Gregory who is 18 years old and quite new to the process, often has to work overtime to ensure that orders are met on time so that training him has further slowed production recently. Of course, Cyclermate still has some passe-partout employees like Idris Pugh who was recruited from a local cycle repair shop.He is a perfectionist in terms of wheel frame and never cause for any complaints merely sometimes, the work were late for appointment owing to his old-age and bad healthy. As far-off as solutions are concerned, I have found out some possible ones whi ch Cyclermate can applies. At the very first, it should re-train the staffs in the company in order to meet the requirement of their field. This train can be hold by the boss himself or skillful employees of Cyclermate so that they can not only save a bundle of money for the company but also have more time to chat and understand each other, especially newcomers.Moreover, after enrolling in this course, employees should be guaranteed to understand their job clearly and easily to combat with the task given. Another thing which can be done is recruit some new employees for Cyclermate. This is kind of positive substance at this time as a new and professional staffs can help the company find out a new and productive way to complete the task and maintain the requirement quantity and quality of the company. However, I do not highly recommend this solution as the finance issue of the company is in danger and it is hard for Cyclermate to deal some new employees at this time. c. Operation problemThe very last problem of Cyclermate which I want to mention here is Operation ones. First of all, the attractor of the company does not have a clear distribution for each staff which leads to the unstable in their job and costs a low productivity for such a long time. To be illustrated, Dai Armstrong has to take charge of many different responsibilities included the chairman of Cyclermate, the worker who makes all the frames of products and even a packaged man. With a bunch of workloads which have been handled like that, how can this man has time to think about a new strategy, a new plan to improve the current situation of the company?And the others workers, with a number of things have been done in a short time, how can they guarantee that no mistake will be made, not mention about some majors are not their professional field. Besides, as far as I concerned, before establishing Cyclermate, Lewis was just on his way up from apprentice to be chief mill engineer fleck Dai had progressed from office boy to a senior marketing post. That is to say, with this current attitude, how can they have enough management skills to lead the other in the company?Last but not least, the problem even come from the conduct manager of the company which is Lewis and Dai who share management of the business, though by character of their differing roles, Lewis tends to focus more on production issues and Dai on external relations. alike people have said 1 dat khong the co 2 vua, with a different role like that, they cannot guide their employees to a maven task which is break the basic rules of a corporation consequently, Cyclermates staffs do not know what to concentrate on and lack of clear mental imagery about the goal of what they have to do.When it comes to the solution, I believe that there are some ways which can help Cyclermate improve the current situation of this company. Firstly, Dai Armstrong has to set down a clear distribution for each position in the comp any. He has to reduce the multi responsibility among his workers so that they can focus 100% on their current job and maintain the productivity of each process.Secondly, as I mentioned above, If Cyclermate accepts the retirement of Lewis Llewellyn, it can concentrates deeply on a single task at the moment for example maintain the productivity or improve the quality of its products, etc which is clear so that employees will know what they have to do to meet the goal of the company. Lastly, in order to save money, save materials and still supply enough products to meet the need of customers, Cyclermate itself should considers to pass JIT method on produce the products.This method was described by heat content Ford in his book as a production forge in which items are created to meet demand, not created in surplus or in advance of need. I absolutely think that this solution will fit the Cyclermates situation well, especially when it has a huge issue with finance Thus, by calculating an exact figure of materials has been and should be used, this company can avoid the waste associated with overproduction, waiting and excess inventory. In order to support for this method, I highly recommend the company to use Kanban cards to make JIT become more efficiency. As far as I oncerned, this Kanban card is like a label which contained a number of nurture about products such as name, number of units and a variety of other news that clearly conveys what must be done. By applying this card in manufacturing, especially in the situation of Cyclermate when the work of each staffs does not fix, it will help employees to control and identify which should be done next by analyze the color of Kanban cards for instance the white or kibibyte Kanban cards mean that a product do not have to manufacture yet, the yellow ones mean that employees should start producing a goods immediately, etc.III. Recommendation After analyzing the case study about Cyclermate, I want to note down brie fly about some potential routes which this company can discover to reach to the market. First of all, as far as I am concerned, Cyclermate has a good supplied channel who ready to advertise and sell the product of the company and Word of Mouth method seems to bring a positive chance for it to attract customers.That is to say, developing this supplied channel can help Cyclermate increase its image on the eyes of customers and there are many others retailers which have not been asked about selling Cyclermates products so this a one of a best way for this company to expand its business. Another striking feature here is that it can focus on direct sale to sell its product to buyers. This method can help the company reduce the price paid for middleman and furthermore, Cyclermate can take this chance as an opportunity to interact with customers in order to understand and identify what they sincerely want and need.Lastly, with the significant develop of technology, marketing is now becom e more and more important within any corporation around the world to approach and attract buyers. However, this way seems to be forgotten by Cyclermate indicated in the meetings report that the marketing activity of this company in recent year is quite rare. As the consequence, Cyclermate can spend some of the money saved from firing Lewis Llewellyn and profit retained to improve this activity to rise up its status and advertise a great hand-made bicycle to customers. IV. ConclusionCyclermate Ltd, in my opinion, is a brave company as it does not celebrate the trend of current market but identifying and having its own idea to manufacture a unique product, even in a harsh time like this. However, it has met a number of issues when trying to operate its business which I have mentioned above. In the future, there will be a lot of difficulties which this company has to handle. Having said that, with all the ideas and solutions which I have noted down in my essay, I strongly believe that it is possible for Cyclermate to recover and chant as it did in the past.

Fast Food, Fat Food Essay

Nowa daylights, desist nutrient is a very popular vogue in Thailand. Teenagers think it is very smart when they go into the refrain sustenance restaurant, especially, the restaurant which is a part of foreign franchise restaurants. Not save teenagers that like fast forage entirely also children and adults. In the interfering schedule of modern successions people have no time to prepare nutritious distante during the day so fast intellectual nourishment becomes a very convenient choice. However, there are several wellness issues related to consuming fast aliment one serious bushel is the connection between fast food and fleshiness.Because of the growth of fast food restaurants, you can see them set anywhere in daily life. For example, on the first floor of MBK Centre, there are numerous fast food restaurants, such as KFC, McDonalds and Burger King situated not far from each other. However, at lunch time, you cannot find any seats if you fix late. Similarly, at Chul alongkorn University there are to a greater extent than 5 branches of 7-eleven, which is a memory board where you can buy fast food such as sandwiches, tempestuous dogs, and hamburgers. You would think that there are not many people there.Although there are many branches, students also have to wait in a long queue. This can show how popular fast food is. tight food is very popular not only in Thailand but also all over the world. The information from Wikipedia showed that Burger King has more than 11,100 restaurants in more than 65 countries, pizza Hut is located in 97 countries with 100 branches in China, KFC is located in 25 countries and McDonalds is located in 120 countries on 6 continents and operates over 31,000 restaurants worldwide. Although fast food is very popular, it is not good for health because fast food is ofttimes highschool in carbohydrates, fat and sodium. Common menu items at fast food restaurants are fried chicken, French fries, hot dogs and ice cream. al l in all of them are make of dangerous divisions such as low superior bread, high fat meat and coarseness. The fast food bread is made from refined grains that have been modified from their natural composition, so a cipher of the nutrients in grains are removed, remaining only excessive starchy.Next ingredient is the high fat meat which can cause several health problems. Fat from animal sources is saturated fat that increased the bad cholesterol (LDL) levels which results in adverse negative effect on the health of soulfulnesss heart (The Importance of Dietary Fat and Cholesterol). The perish dangerous ingredient is the thing that makes fast food has a delightful taste it is salt or sodium chloride.Scientists from the Scientific Advisory perpetration on Nutrition recommend only 4 grams of salt per day because overconsumption of salt will cause high blood pressure and obesity (qtd. in Salt). In fact, according to the CASH survey, a Pizza Hut repast deal, which consisted of a Cheesy Bites Meat Feast, a forte Super Supreme, a portion of garlic bread, a portion of murphy wedges, chicken wings, and a cheesecake dessert shared equally between four, could have a bun in the oven 12. 3 grams of salt per person (qtd. n unshakable food salt levels shocking).People are increasingly being warned against the ill effects of fast food and the potential damage they pose to human health (Manohar). Many publications write about(predicate) health problems from fast food such as nutrition deficiencies, increased cholesterol levels and diabetes. However, the most concern is obesity because this can link to many other dangerous health problems. angiotensin converting enzyme reason that fast food can cause obesity is because of its high calories.In one day, men need about 2,700 calories and women need about 2,000 calories but you can get excess calories from only one meal with fast food. For example, a KFC meal set includes KFC famous Bowls (Rice and Gravy), a breast of fried chicken, a box of French fries and a 32-oz Gulp of Pepsi. You can gain 790 calories from the bowl, 370 calories from the chicken, 500 calories from French fries and 425 calories from Pepsi, so from all of these you will have about 2,085 calories (KFC Nutrition Guide).As a consequence from the warning in many publications, the danger of fast food is widely known. However, no matter people know how it is coupled to many health problems, it is also the popular choice. We cannot avoid fast food completely in our day-to-day life considering its taste, convenience and instant delivery. Fast food is suited to our everyday lifestyle, but, as we know, a little human activity of everything is always good while overexposure to that little bit is disastrous more often than not. Fast food is not an exception to this.

Civil Rights Essay

courtly Rights essay l accept a dream that genius twenty-four hour period this nation will demonstrate up and screw break the true mea inning of its creed We admit these truths to be selflessness that any men are created equal. Martin Luther King Jar. The copulation of Racial Equality or warmness is an American civil rights system of rules n that played a major role for Fragmentariness in the cultured Rights Movement. Found deed in boodle in March Of 1942 by James sodbuster, internality was one(a) Of the Big Four civil rights or sanitations, a commodious with the CLC, the set, and the NAACP.CORE did many things that we re important to the civil rights movement including immunity Rides, desegregating Chicago schools, and the Freedom Summer. O n April 10, 1947, CORE sent a group of eight fair and eight ominous men on a 2 hebdomad Freedom Ride with a doctor purpose of remainder sequestration in interstate travel. The riders of this group were arrested and confine several times, but they certain a great deal of realityity, and this mark the beginning of a long series of similar irons.By the early 1960 s, Farmer desired to repeat the 1 947 journey, developing a new comprise for it the Freedom Ride. On Maya, 1961, volunteers journeyed to the chummy South, this time including women. The rider s endured stern violence. White mobs attacked Freedom Riders in Birmingham and Month ere. The violence caught national attention, sparking a summer of similar rides by other Civil Ri sights pipe organizations and thousands of ordinary citizens. In 1 960, CORE began to scrap racial segregation in the public schools of C hijack.Black schools were in poorer neighbors of Chicago and white schools were in richer parts. Many unintegrated schools were overcrowded, and in order to embossment overcrowding, the e Board instituted doublethinks at about of the schools. Doublethinks meant that students in fee acted schools accompanied less than a full day of class. Less school meant that Africanizing children would be receiving less education. CORE was not rejoiced with the results so they pr tested, on with the Chicago community.The following 4 years, CORE along with the SYNC and the NAACP helped organ nice the Freedom Summer campaign aimed principally at ending the political super session of African Americans in the Deep South. CORE, SYNC and COIF also built 30 Freedom S schools in towns throughout Mississippi. Volunteers taught in the schools and the curriculum n owe included lightlessness history. These Freedom Schools were often targets of white mobs. So were the e homes of African Americans refer in the campaign.That summer 30 black homes and 37 blab KC churches were firebombed. Over 80 volunteers were beaten by white mobs and three CORE activists were murdered by the K on June 21 SST, 1964. These deaths created nationwide PU ability for the campaign. As you can see, demeanor was very difficult during the Civil Rights movemen t for afar can Americans aliveness in the Deep South. convey to organizations like CORE and AN CAP, life whitethorn have seemed hard and it may have been a struggle to live back in the day, Afar can Americans still had hope.Civil Rights striveCivil Rights essay l have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true mea inning of its creed We hold these truths to be selflessness that all men are created equal. Martin Luther King Jar. The Congress of Racial Equality or CORE is an American civil rights organization n that played a major role for Fragmentariness in the Civil Rights Movement. Found deed in Chicago in March Of 1942 by James Farmer, CORE was one Of the Big Four civil rights or sanitations, along with the CLC, the SYNC, and the NAACP.CORE did many things that we re important to the civil rights movement including Freedom Rides, desegregating Chicago schools, and the Freedom Summer. O n April 10, 1947, CORE sent a group of eight white and eight black men on a 2 week Freedom Ride with a sole purpose of ending segregation in interstate travel. The riders of this group were arrested and jailed several times, but they received a great deal of publicity, and this marked the beginning of a long series of similar campaigns.By the early 1960 s, Farmer desired to repeat the 1 947 journey, developing a new name for it the Freedom Ride. On Maya, 1961, volunteers journeyed to the deep South, this time including women. The rider s endured severe violence. White mobs attacked Freedom Riders in Birmingham and Month ere. The violence caught national attention, sparking a summer of similar rides by other Civil Ri sights organizations and thousands of ordinary citizens. In 1 960, CORE began to challenge racial segregation in the public schools of C hijack.Black schools were in poorer neighbors of Chicago and white schools were in richer parts. Many segregated schools were overcrowded, and in order to ease overcrowding, the e Board instituted doub lethinks at some of the schools. Doublethinks meant that students in fee acted schools attended less than a full day of class. Less school meant that Africanizing children would be receiving less education. CORE was not pleased with the results so they pr tested, along with the Chicago community.The following 4 years, CORE along with the SYNC and the NAACP helped organ nice the Freedom Summer campaign aimed principally at ending the political super session of African Americans in the Deep South. CORE, SYNC and COIF also built 30 Freedom S schools in towns throughout Mississippi. Volunteers taught in the schools and the curriculum n owe included black history. These Freedom Schools were often targets of white mobs. So were the e homes of African Americans involved in the campaign.That summer 30 black homes and 37 blab KC churches were firebombed. Over 80 volunteers were beaten by white mobs and three CORE activists were murdered by the K on June 21 SST, 1964. These deaths created nat ionwide PU ability for the campaign. As you can see, life was very difficult during the Civil Rights movement for Afar can Americans living in the Deep South. Thanks to organizations like CORE and AN CAP, life may have seemed hard and it may have been a struggle to live back in the day, Afar can Americans still had hope.

Morality of Drug Use

In his book entitled view Critically About Ethical Issues, Vincent Ryan Ruggiero formulated a criteria consisting of three elements, which criteria relates to comply for persons as a theoretical construct and a practical honourable standard for everyday decision making (Ruggiero, 78). These three criteria be obligations, virtuous ideals and consequences, which are all applicable to the determination of proper conduct in relation to dose procedure (Ruggiero, 79).Moral Ideals.Ruggiero explained his purpose of virtuous ideals as pellucid from obligations. For him, ideals are goals that characterize excellence, which goals are aimed at by polar individuals (Ruggiero, 78). In particular, and in relation to respect for persons, he discussed that moral ideals assist a person in achieving respect for persons (Ruggiero, 80).He also explicated that moral ideals could be smooth of various categories, such(prenominal) as the cardinal virtues of old and the theological virtues of app aritional thinkers. He likewise posited that moral ideals could vary from person to person, or from coating to culture (Ruggiero, 81). This is an important proposition, because the differences in moral ideals determine the differences in give-and-take given by each person on varying actions. Thus, one(a) person could regard a moral ideal as more than just that, for example as an obligation that requires compliance.Applying this archetype to the ethical let go of dose use, it would be concluded that the perspective could be viewed from a minute of assorted perspectives, which also have varying moral ideals. This means that drug use could be viewed positively or negatively by different cultures or population, depending on their respective moral ideals.For example, a population of medical practitioners such as doctors would hold on to the ideal that drug use is necessary in certain cases, such as in situations of a disease or illness that could only be cured by the administrat ion of particular drugs. On the otherwise hand, a population consisting of the religious whose faith dictates the avoidance of drugs would hold on to the exact opposite moral ideal. Thus, an ethical decision hinges on the moral ideals to which the population concerned adhere, because such moral ideals determine the kind of ethical decision that would probably be made in any given situation.Obligations.Ruggiero also discussed the notion of obligations as a criterion for determining respect for persons. His concept of obligations refers to the element of fixation into doing a certain act, as determined by the situation pertain or the relationship between or among parties (Ruggiero, 80). He likewise explained that different kinds of situations and interpersonal relations dictate the kind of obligations that are imposed on a person.Viewing drug use in the light of Ruggieros concept of obligations, drug use could be ethically justified by formulating a situation such that the administ ration or prescription of medicinal drugs and the gibe use is seen as an obligation on the part of the doctor and the unhurried to maintain the latters good health and long life.Consequences.Finally, Ruggiero discussed the concept of consequences, which refer to the set up of an action on a person (Ruggiero, 81). He states that the effects could be classified into beneficial or harmful effects, or grouped according to kind, such as whether they are physical or emotional (Ruggiero, 81).The most important aspect of Ruggieros discussion of the outlet is his position that the benefit or harm caused by a limited act is determined by the impact of such an act on all persons involved, including the actor (Ruggiero, 81).This criterion is relevant in the issue of drug use, because ultimately, any ethical decision on this matter hinges on its effects on the user. Therefore, drug use could be ethically justified if it is shown that at that place are health benefits that could favor the u ser or his community. On the other hand, proof that drug use only leads to individual or incorporated harm would tilt the favor against drug use.In sum, Ruggieros three criteria are relevant in any discussion of the morality of drug use. These criteria put up practical knowledge with regard to the things that one should be looking at, previous to making an ethical decision.Works CitedRuggiero, Vincent Ryan. Thinking Critically About Ethical Issues. sixth ed.

Why I Love South Africa

confederation Africa bubbles with wonderful, culturally various(a) people. A colourful array of different foods, religions, beliefs and traditions be blended in concert to make up the amazing nation of the republic of southeast Africa It is, arguably (and ironically), one of the most liberal, free, and constitutionally healthy democracies in the Western solid ground and, most certainly, in Africa. To have achieved this after hundreds of years of the most atrocious repression and trashing of human rights 15 years of true democracy, is nothing if not a monumental achievement.Then there argon the challenges yes, South Africa has m some(prenominal). But thats what makes it exciting to be here. To be part of facing these challenges and (re)building a verdant . The people ALL the people are just great. There are simply no sacred cows in South Africa any more. Anything and everything can and is being discussed openly. Only once you have been to a South African braai, the beach in December, the bustling cities zig-zaged by taxis, a spunky park and met our vibrant inhabitants can you under.Where else in the world can you go from Oceans and Mountains, through beautiful vinyards and into arid desert, from open bushveld, to tropical forest. Where else can you start out such a diversity of people that 11 official languages are required. South Africa is a country rich with resources, cultures and geographies and few countries the size of South Africa can boast such diversity. But none of this matters, if it doesnt olfaction like home, and thats why I love SA.Its home. This is the home of ubuntu. For those of you who dont know, it basically content a spirit of community and sharing and kindness. Heres to the historied South African sunsets and the great blue African skies. Heres to the rich wildlife and the friendly, happy people. Heres to melktert and koeksusters, mampoer, bobotie, sosaties, amasi, isidudu, chutney and bunny chow, vetkeok and genus Malva pu dding.Heres to a melting pot of cultures, coming together in one home under one roof Indians, Chinese, Zulu, Xhosa, Pedi, Sotho, Tswana, Afrikaans, the San bushmen, English Heres to Shaka Zulu, Nelson Mandela, Charlize Theron, Freek Robinson, Riaan Crywagen, Natalie du Toit, Makhaya Ntini and the man on the street. Heres to the Drakensburg, hedge Mountain, The Tsitsikama forests in Knysna, the Garden Route, the warm Indian ocean intermingling with the cool Atlantic, the modify escarpment of Gauteng and the Great Karoo. Heres to every different season and landscape contained in one immensely beautiful country.

Marketing Strategy Analysis – SAMSUNG case

Marketing is the recess which combines 2 break throughline and manoeuvre in revisal to build up the human relationship with customers and create value for both buyer and dispenseer. (Definition of Marketing, 2014). According to Marina, B. W. (2007), the merchandising environment nowadays has become utmostly jolty and dynamic, a grocery placeing scheme needs to be updated in read to maintain the warlike strength. An efficient merchandising dodging is not notwithstanding has susceptibility to adapt a change in the foodstuff merely in any case satisfy the customers minds at the same periods. in that locationfore, there is no securities industrying strategy could maintain for eventider yet should change at every different able situation. To do so, a confederacy readiness have several alternative plans which probably promptly implement in necessary cases. Samsung Inc. Is one of the groovy samples in term of fortunate foodstuffing strategy. Samsung was establ ished in 1 938 in South Korea from the d profess in the mouth company to the global corporation with the annual turn everywhere of over $ foremost 1 00 billions. Samsung has generated the calling into three majors electronics, engineering and chemicals.This paper is going to establish the selling strategy which Samsung has apply and give out lessons and recommendations in coiffe to prep be for the future Roth. QUESTION ANSWERING 1. interrogative mood 1 Samsung was from the modest company, overboldly has developed magically to the multi-national conglomerate. Efficient market strategies were one of the central elements of Samsung success today that lead its stain value rapidly change magnitude the most in recent years. As reported by Viet puddlese (201 2), the shop value of Samsung in 2000 was approximately $ initiative 5. Billions. Samsung subsequently ex drop a linesed $1ST 508 millions in effectuate to boost up its place value over than $1ST 6. 3 billions in 2001. According to the data collection of Gregory, L. 2005), the brand value Of Samsung Was $1ST 14. 9, graded as 20th mend the starting duration three positions were Coca Cola and fol piteo employ by Microsoft, IBM with the brand values were $1ST 67. 5 billions 59. 9 billions and 53. 3 billions. At that period, some competitors of Samsung in the market such as Monika had $USED 26. 4 billions of brand value, ranked at 6th position Sony had $1ST 10. Billions of brand value, was as 28th in ranking Motorola was ranked as 37th with $USED 3. 8 billions of brand value and Panasonic was at 78th with $1ST 3. 7 billions in the ranking. As we stinkpot see in the figure 1, the rand value of Samsung grew continuously and dramatically from 2001 to 2005 dapple some the otherwise competitors had a slight fall or maintained at the same take. Table 1 Brand ranking by value in 2005 Figure 1 Brand Value from 2001 -2005 There is no doubt to confess that Samsung has gained a certain success in buildi ng brand value through those periods of time.In sanctify to stand stably in this fierce market, Samsung has applied its strategies efficiently and distinctly. An efficient merchandising strategy may rophy to the highest degree success to its art but a near(a) shade of harvests is what keeps the trust of customers. The more tincture of the products are, the more the true of the customers pass on be. Therefore, Samsung has issued a very strict quality control policy. This is one of the factors that bring success to Samsung today. For example, any mistake occurs in its prod action handle will be stopped immediately to fix in lay out to guarantee a good quality and high accurate standard.Based on the global strength, Samsung is flexible in fiting efficient international resources. In 1 sass, Samsung adopted cheap scientific experts from Soviet and hired them to sue in the Seoul labs in the early year of 2000. One of the successful innovations, which is introduced at Samsu ng by those Soviet scientists, is TRIM project. TRIM project is the methodology which identifies the contrary of the existing technologies and the needs of the customers in suppose to innovate hike ideas. Samsung has successfully controlled the products quality.This is the first and the heart in business philosophy of Samsung. all business needs to understand the customers perspective and places them at the first business organizationing. When customers induct a decision to try a new product, they would expect a good quails purchasing. And this is a chance for a business to keep customers loyalty and step-up the prospect of brand by customers recommendation to their network. So if this was not a case, those customers would not come back and looking for other options. Thus, the quality control policy plays an all- burning(prenominal)(prenominal) role in enhancing the customers satisfaction and loyalty.Besides, it would help to contribute the long term prospect and revenue of company and subjugate the risk of replacement court of defected products. A company, which has a tough repute in product quality, will be outstanding in the current fierce market today. One of other successful factors Of Samsung strategy is onward motion. delinquent to different large-hearteds Of product and different classs of customer, Samsung has applied variety ways of promotion and specific channel in order to approach the market. The marketing tittup ups strategy has been generated efficiently by Samsung.The company apply bullocky tactics to pull customers to itself by providing printed brochures, posters, specialization sheets and public information on Samsung website, Samsung aimed to nominate the awareness of customers. Besides, the activities to be the sponsorship in particular notable events such s Royal Windsor Horse Show and Samsung Open Tennis Tournament. On the other hand, Samsung gave several interest expands and discounts to their trade partners and dea lers in order to push the barter of Samsung products.All of promotional activities are aimed to support a new product launching. founding successfully a new product has never been an easy issue, especially it is aimed to dominate other competitors in current market. In asses, Samsung has done an un characterd research in DVD market and understand the problem occurring at that time in order to identify the opportunity. From that, the company could find the suited way for its tragedy and satisfy the market demands to gain the competitive advantage.For instance, Samsung provided a DVD product with much great data capacity and advanced features, but with the very reasonable price or victorious another(prenominal) product of Samsung is TFTP flat screen monitor, this monitor in addition provides a greater convenience than CRT screen. The TFTP screen is made by the liquid crystallizing display (LCD) with sharp displayed image butt joint save a quadruplet of the room, natural dep ressioner power consumption and less harmful radiation. This is called the unique exchange price that makes Samsung to be the draw in the electronics market.One of the elements of ups strategy is distribution (Place), Samsung has used various channels in the market from the dealers, retailers and distributors and gave free sampling in order to attract more the customers concern. Due to different kind of product, Samsung has applied a different kind of strategy to approach the market. The market class for the T FT monitors were aimed for business such as officers, financial centers in the city or fashion outlets, and so forth In order to pull ahead the TFTP monitors purchasing from business, the marketing strategy needs to replace n order to adapt a change in a specific situation.The advertisements on this sector accented on electric potential customers who are business users. Newspapers and magazines were also used for advertising, especially the type of one-to- one adverti sing, mailing directly to the business users are efficaciously. Samsung was the newcomer in the mobile business sector in asses. Today, Samsung was ranked as the worlds largest corporation in tech oenology labor in term of revenues. The way to do the marketing promotion for this kind of product unbosom differs from the other products.The marketing research ND segmentation were exclusive utilise in order to understand the consumers demands and segment the potential customers. Samsung still used newspapers, magazines, TV advertisements, media means and to be a sponsorship for famous events in order to raise the perspective of customers in brand recognition. The office is more concentrateed on retailers and the retail staff are rise up trained to be professional. In conclusion, the marketing strategy of Samsung is a important lesson to every marketer.Samsung has sought a international quality of product and implemented several marketing strategies in trying to dominate the mark et. . Question 2 SOOT psycho abridgment of Samsung Table 2 SOOT of SAMSUNG Samsung SOOT analysis Strengths Weaknesses Reputation 2. Innovation and externalise 3. Advanced engineering science 4. Lower cost 5. Large market share 6. Ability in brand marketing . Patent issue 2. Lack of its testify SO and software 3. encompassing range of products Opportunities The reads . Demand on smart- surround 2. Demand on anovulant 1. Saturated in mobile market 2. Price wars 3.Technology changes 4. Chinese products 1 . Reputation Samsung has high written report and is familiar all over the world. It helps to increase the customers trust in making purchasing decision. Samsung has recently received some possible responses from public then make its reputation continuously grows. 2. By grounds deeply customers mind, Samsung has received many innovation and design awards. Samsung offers the product which has more benefits than the competitors do, and severally type of customers has different suitable product. 3.Samsung has ability to use the latest technology for its products. 4. Low cost Samsung generated its production in the upset cost countries. Hence, it helps to save production cost in order to offer a product to customer with a lower price. . Large market share Samsung has a wide range Of products. Hence, Samsung holds a large percent of market share in almost products they sell. Large market share helps Samsung in reducing costs and more demand in buzz off conditions. In addition, it also allows Samsung to earn high return and diversify risks and failures. 6.Samsung was ranked as the top company which has ability to push the brand name efficiently and was ranked at the 9th most valuable brand with $33 billion dollars. This success is caused by the sponsorship in sport champions, kind activities, etc. Weaknesses 1. Patents issue Samsung had problem in patent infringement with apple. Apple sued Samsung that the Samsung wandflower 4 and Samsung tablet copied retrieve and pad. This thing seriously damages to Samsung reputation and cost $1 billion dollars in fine. (BBC, 201 2) 2. Lack of its own SO and software Samsung pay an intention on innovation.However, Samsung has never introduced its own new product with its own SO. Samsung focus on mass market instead than niche market when setting the price of the products at a level of average low. A general psychology of customers is to assume a low price of product is low quality. . Samsung has 3 major markets Electronics, Engineering and Chemicals and each industry has a huge product which needs to concern. Thus, Samsung loose an prudence and advantage in competing with the competitors. Opportunities 1 . The demand on smart- phone market is continuously increase comparing to electronics market.Thus, Samsung should create its own software for correlate hardware devices. And then, Samsung could launch a new product with outstanding features, has its own SO, user friendly sooner than the com petitors could do. 2. The demand on tablet is evaluate to grow in the next few years. Thus, Samsung could expand this market by launching a new innovative design and better technology quality in order to dominate the market. Threats 1 . Mobile phone market seems to be saturated in almost countries, especially in developed countries. Thus, the purchasing power cleverness not as high as it used to be in previous years. . There is a threat from the companies from China who has ability to produce a product at lower price with a similarity of design and features. TOWS matrix analysis Table 31 TOWS matrix of SAMSUNG TOWS matrix analysis outdoor(a) Opportunities (O) External Threats (T) 1. Invest in tablets . Expand mobile phone market 3. Sponsorship 4. globalization 2. Patents issue 3. Price wars 4. Technology changes 5. Chinese products Internal Strengths (S) so 1 . burgeon forthing a newer not entirely in technology but also in design for tablets and smart phone in order to domina te the global market 2.Establish more multiple national companies 3. combat-ready to be a sponsorship for sport events in order to raise the brand value SST 1 . Investment in digital market, develop nerve Digital Technology, home networking 2. Pursue new product development wearable, pen computing 3. Developing super -outstanding smart -phone The largest memory chip in the world Global corporation 3. Strong reputation 4. Wide market circle 5. Strong cash flow Strong innovation and design 6. 7. High brand value 8. Active participant in social activities Internal weaknesses (W) woo .Focus on niche market 2. R&D in technology 1. Research to explore new market 2. Develop the quality of technology to be superior SO and software 4. Question 3 In the current years, Samsung is one of the biggest manufacturers in term of humanoid smart- phone. They are also successfully in the industry of engineering to sell monitors, TV LCD, etc. Samsung has an incredible growth ate over the time to have this leader position today in the fierce market. (Kristin, L. , 2014). It might be said, 201 3 is the bright year for Samsung to have ability to own the market.However, 2014 might be the challenging year when the Conns analysis pointed out that Samsung strategy starts revealing its weaknesses. (L an. H, 2014). Smart- phone Galaxy SO was considered as the failure of Samsung in all aspects. The Galaxy SO was blown up its capacity features to chastise all customers in over the world. However, this smart- phone was only improved modestly in a comparison with the old version Galaxy SO. yet though the turnover for the Galaxy SO was relative high but not as high as the companys expectation.Even though Samsung is still the leader in the market of smart- phone but there is no increasing in the market share in 2013. It means that Samsung has stopped magically increasing as it used to. And the first time since 2011 , the profit of Samsung had a slight decrease in the Q of 2013. In the fierc e competing race of smart- phone, while the competitors have ability to produce to a smart phone with greater incredible features by its own in operation(p) system and software, Samsung still eve not given any sudden attack technology and outstanding product.Hence, this is the first failure in the marketing strategy of Samsung in smart- phone sector. Due to CNN analysis, Samsung is not only needed to have a strong marketing promotion but also pay much concern on the quality and outstanding features of the new product. It means that, in 2014, Samsung should set modest goals in order to compass in certainly, avoiding the disappointment from the customers and receive a truly changing technology mobile instead of only focus on marketing and bigger screen. Samsung and Apple are the two leaders in the racing of mobile phone industry.In practically, Samsung is the largest player in term of revenue but Apple is more profitable. Samsung scrapeed to the mass market when setting the price of smart phone at relative low to premium while Apples products are set at premium segment. The average price of Apples products is preferably higher then competitors in smart phone industry and this leads very high margins for Apple. In 201 1, Apple Inc. Sued Samsung when claiming that Galaxy smart- phone and tablet copied from phone and pad. In final, Samsung had to pay $1 billion dollars for its compensation.Yakima, I. K. And Ian, S, 2011). This thing seriously damages to Samsung reputation and cause in decreasing profit in 2011. Hence, Samsung still has challenges to compete with Apple. Apple has strong and distinct band which was built for a decade, and now, has its own consumers loyalty and advantages competitive in the exclusive mobile industry. In order to have ability to beat Apples products and becomes a dominant in mobile industry, Samsung needs to focus on improving software and operating system. (Luke, W. 2012).A particular focus on technology and strengthen software capabilities must be implemented order to not only satisfy and maintain the current consumers but also to serve new customers experiment. It is suggested that Samsung could plan to develop its own Bad operating system in order to serve group customers of low- end market. Besides, Doing investment funds in order to offer a premium product which target at high- end market, higher positioning as higher quality products providers. It helps Samsung to focus on niche market rather than set a product at medium price to serve consumers in a mass market.Besides, Samsung also pays more attention on promotion and selling campaigns for digital products such as Core Digital Technology, Pen Computing, DRAM, etc. 4. Question 4 Internal marketing is orienting a make customer contact employees and supporting service people to work as a team to provide customer satisfaction. (Phillip, K and Gary, A.. 2012). According to Burrito and Galley, the important of ingrained marketing is to make employees are conscious to serve customers come up and reinforce their behaviors to perform efficiently.Hence, the concept of internal marketing covers the aspects of HARM, operation and marketing such as in particular motivation, leadership, structure, delivery system and marketing management The internal arresting is used to enhance the customer focus and market orientation. Even though the term relates to marketing but it uses quite a lot of HER principles because both of the marketing and HER are dealing with people. Since understanding the term of internal marketing, employees are should be concerned equally to customers because employees are who directly bear the value to an organization.It is clearly and obviously to see the connecter between the employees motivation and their performances toward an organization. The higher satisfaction employees are, the better they perform in external services and the faster a company can achieve a goal. Therefore, if a company) only focuses on cus tomers care but lack of employees motivation, it could meet some struggles. In Samsung Corporation, incentives and welfare program are used to motivate their employees in order to better performances and satisfactions.Samsung has offered a very interesting welfare program to concern only for employees but also for their families about house, education, health and retirement. Besides, employee who has ability to perform outstanding or carry out a significant project is worth to receive an additional incentive. Hence, Samsung employees can live and org in the pleasant environmental. (Samsung, 1995) Base on the internal possible action of internal marketing, there are some suggestions for Samsung to increase its quality of internal marketing. First of all, it is necessary to create a staff communication in order to listen to their employees opinions and ides.Besides, it is also useful to have time for apprise every week to discuss about what has been done during a week, is there any problem that needed to be solved timely or share successful stories together. This thing is very efficiently not only in creating a friendly relationship between staff and managers gather but also timely grasp the current operating stipulation of a company. Secondly, Samsung could give to their employee training to empower their relevant knowledge. Besides, employee motivation is forever an important part.There are some theories about employee motivation such as Moscow and Herbert, given some factors to fulfill the satisfaction of employees. Incentives and rewards could be a positive method to motivate employees. Culture is one of the factors that affects to employees behaviors. Employees might spirit uncomfortable or comfortable due to its company environment. Business to business relationship is important to maintain success of a corporation. Business relationship management (BRB) is different from customer relationship management (CRM), but still simultaneously executes toget her.BRB is used to enhance the positive relationship with customers. CONCLUSION executive director Summary This paper has been done in examining the successful marketing strategy of Samsung over the past years. And then using Scots to analyze the weaknesses, threats as well as the strengths, opportunities of the company and using TOWS matrix to suggest solutions of taking its strengths and opportunities to cover its weaknesses and threats. Finally, there is a discussion about the internal marketing of Samsung. Samsung was from the modest family company to the top global corporation in this fierce market today is worth lessons for all marketers.By distinct and flexible strategy, Samsung increase its brand value to be ranked at 8th in integrands Best Global Brands in 2013. An exclusive marketing research is occupied to understand the market deeply whenever issue a strategy was effectively performed by Samsung. Personal experiment The case study of Samsung is worth to cop for every business. By observation through this case study, in personality, I could understand these following points. Firstly, every business should set clear goals in both short term and long term in order to step by step achieve them.Segmentation is needed to identify potential customers, and search for the unmet demands IR the market. It is also useful to understand the customers behaviors in order to satisfy them as good as possible. Secondly, promotion is one of the important factors in marketing strategy. There are several ways of promotions and suppose on each specific situation that we could apply a corticifugal promotion in order to approach the market. For instance, depend on segment group of customers whether low-end market or high- end market, we could apply a suitable promotion.

Effect of Rapid Urbanization on Housing

THE opposition OF RAPID URBANIZATION ON house victimisation IN NIGERIA FROM 1950 -2010 (Focus on urban subscribes and lodgement problems case study Lagos) urbanisation fit in to Aluko O. E is rather subjective and stinker be precondition various interpretations. However in this concept it can be delimitate as the expansion of the depend of people living in an urban bea that depicts the treasure at which people move from folksy areas and harp the urban areas.Reports however, from the united nation show that the universe at the urban centres has multiplied four times its initial growth since 1960 and would return locomote to a projected occur of about 5 billion in the year 2030. Report also has it that over 70 per cent of these populations would calm down in cities and towns. Following independence, some administrative centres experienced major unk without delayledgeable rapid urbanization .The ripple effect of these on cities creation the message of urban devel opment is enormous especially on the lodging development which has tied(p)tually resulted in overcrowding, inadequate d soundings, deplorable urban environment, degrading in the public eye(predicate) foot, and to an extreme, outright homelessness (Adesoji David Jiboye, 2011) . Nonetheless, According to Femi Olokesusi, 2011 quoting Onibokun et. al. 1987) and Onibolun and Kumuyi (1999), assert that various political and socio-economic factors fix resulted in rapid growth of urban population resulting in informal settlements, unequal housing and slums in Nigeria. The rate of influx of people into major cities has been so proud that the pace of settlement development and housing provision could non accommodate them. Since they must have shelter, all forms of informal procedures are take to provide housing. This has resulted in non-compliance with physical planning regulations and development control standards.Thus in that location have been cases of incompatibility of land use activities, overcrowding ( collectible to utmost occupancy ratio, high density of development), poor device standards ( delinquent to use of insufficient grounding materials and reflexion methods), and ill-serviced dwelling Units, among others. The impact of rapid population growth however, on urban development and conditions is far more than merely a demographic or quantitative one especially on housing development as a whole which is a direct consequence of the push of the rural areas and the pull of the town.Current studies however indicate that the impact of rapid urbanization in terms of housing is revealed both in its quantity and quantity much(prenominal) that the little number of available syndicates is existence overloaded infrastructurally and spatially lede to a reduction in the level of comfort and a rapid development in the number of slums being created and the level of substandard field of operationss being built in an unplanned and unhealthy environment.Howe ver, the level of impact on the adequacy of housing has been compounded particularly by the high rate of population growth, through influx of immigrants, exaggerated real estate determine etc. Nonetheless, housing according to Aduwo 2011, Daramola 2006 et al is the measure of the level of housing inadequacy and its quality. According to pelu Awofeso, one out of every two Nigerians now live in a city divergence check infrabody structure to be engulfed by billions of soulfulnesss.In his report he stated that 16 one thousand thousand housing units would have to be provided to address the shortage in urban shelters since the inflow of people supersedes the rate at which affordable housing is being constructed. house however, according to Abbas Olukunmi Owoade, 2007 quoting Tannerfeldt and Ljung 06)does not only relate to provision of houses exclusively also basic infrastructure of a neighbourhood as well as schools clinics , recreational facilities and other amenities. CASE STUDY LAGOSThe city of Lagos was source inhibited before the 15th century and grew from a typical petty(a) fishing and farming settlement due to certain factors such as, the construction of the railway in 1895 that linked the city, the hinterland and the port with the development of the Lagos harbour. In the twinkle of an eye, Lagos became the centre of trade and commerce bringing migrants from every nook and cranny. As the population increased so did the spatial expansion which constitute a great deal of problems especially housing development. kehinde George, 2002). Population ebullition in lagos became noticeable after 1950 amongst other reason, it was the national capital and in 67 became a state on its own attracting funds from both the federal and state government there by introducing more migrants. However, everyplace 90 per cent of the typical housing standard is being provided by the private sector and individual efforts bringing about a feast between its demand and supply finding expression in the follow of rented values that eventually leads to vercrowding, growth of slums and rise in the number of substandard housing (Owoade,Abiodun 97). Two major factors that accounted for the rapid growth in lagos can tied to net migration and natural increase According to the old united Nations university website, prior to 1928, planned residential areas in Lagos were limited. They embarrassd Ikoyi, which was a military reserve area for expatriates who were colonial administrators and executives of foreign firms, and had a population of 4,000, or 3 per cent of the population of the city in 1931.Apapa, E juste Meta, and Yaba, with a combined population of 22,000, or 17 per cent of the total, also had some element of planning, in the sense that road networks in Ebute Meta and Yaba were laid out on a grid and residential development was confined to the blocks within the road pattern. On Lagos Island, apart from the areas around the racecourse and marina, the i ndigenous housing was unplanned and was left hand to develop haphazardly, with houses built quite close together.Such overcrowded, unhealthy housing and poor environmental conditions stimulated the rapid spread of influenza epidemics and bubonic plague, which ravaged the city between 1924 and 1930. These led to the emergence, in 1928, of the pioneer planning power in Nigeria, the Lagos Executive developing Board (LEDB), which embarked on slum head and the relocation of families from the Island to the Mainland (Oko Awo scheme) and since then, the activities of planning authorities have assumed hefty splendour in metropolitan Lagos.The government of Nigeria has interceded at different times to reckon housing problems with particular focus on Lagos by providing housing units as well as establishing site and service programmes to make available plots of lands to individual to build their own houses, the period 1979-1983 under the Jakande administration witnessed a grand housing development programme. evertheless, These programmes had little impact in that it provided limited number of housing units with a major setback in the year 1994 due to increase in price of building materials. Thus, making a considerable number of Lagosians lack shelter a basic need of clement existence. The wide gap between the supply of and the demand for has operated in escalating house rents, rent edict were promulgated to reduce this hardship by functional population .In 1973 for instance the mid-west state government proclaimed an edict which limited the maximum rent payable on dwelling units. However, such edicts have not been effective in arresting increase in house rents (Josephine Abiodun,1976) Planned housing schemes in metropolitan Lagos Housing agency final cause Remarks Lagos Executive Development Slum clearance of Central Lagos, 1955 to1,847 families housed in Surulere. ,337 families relocated Board, 1955 -1975 early 1960s, Olowogbowo Rehousing in low-income re nted houses. Subsidized by Ministry of Lagos Scheme, Lagos Housing Scheme affairs Other housing schemes in Surulere 14,537 family units (dwellings) provided.In all, 128,800 people were provided with housing Lagos State Development and Resettlement of slum dwellers from 1,000 families housed Property Corporation (LSDPC), Central Lagos to Ogba and low-income 1972-1979 housing in Isolo Federal housing Under 1975-1980 and 1981-1985 plan 6,000 housing units periods LSDPC, 1979 to date Low-income housing 16,878 housing units Medium-income housing 1,790 housing units Source LSDPCIn Lagos, like elsewhere in Nigeria the access to privately owned housing units through traditional bring has made it immensely possible for a relatively large number of people to be house owners at certain personify which includes the trade of the selfsame(prenominal) plot to more than one buyer owing to a lack of a comprehensive land register and sometimes negate over rights of ownershi p between the state and private individuals or family groups or between members of families omo onile (owoade, abiodun 97). However, over 60% of these residents are under a tenement house kind of arrangement constructed by absentee landlord with this kind of arrangement ending utterly due to unforeseen evictions(Owoade, abiodun et al) The issue of land acquisition at the same time is far more complex because government acquired land is seldom made available or affordable for the middling or even made accessible due to lack of basic infrastructure.Alternatively, in run to live closer to job opportunities theres need for subsidence in centrally located pieces of abandoned land left due to unsuitability for housing either for being along railway paths or under high tension electric cable or inert lands. (Owoade 07, Tannerfeldt and Ljung 2006). David Owoade in his report emphatically stated that the Problems of rapid urbanization have increased and become more glaring as the citie s expand and many attempts to curb these problems have not achieved the desired results. Housing continued to be supplied through informal self-help landlords and a majority of tenants live in homes with unbarred tenure while many holders find home in slums and shantytowns. Examples include Ajegunle, Makoko, Badiya, Maroko etc.Those that have been fortunate enough to build their houses on the periphery of the cities (ota in sango) have to live without basic services and infrastructures such as light-headed water, sewers, electricity and roads. In 1976, it was estimated that 111000 residential houses were available in Lagos to provide trying on for a population of 3. 2 million keeping it at an average of 28 persons per building. By 19080, it had gotten worse with 30 persons living in a building and it was nurture projected that 2 per cent of the population lived in self-contained buildings leaving the remaining 98 % to rooming accommodations connoting shared facilities like the k itchen and the toilet.It was further estimated that by the year 2000, a total number of 1. 5 million housing units would be needed to cater to fast growing population. It is no surprise that there is no more land for the government to build that they have resulted in sand filling of certain areas ( Raji Rasaki, 1988). However an updated obligate by lookman oshodi,2010 quoting the Lagos ministry of housing 2010 brings the demography to a total number of 91% of the total population living in the capital, about 20,000 persons per square kilometre in the built up areas. The occupancy ratio however are 8-10 persons per room with 72. 5% of household occupying one room apartments . ince the rate of growth in Lagos has assumed a geometric rise the provision of houses has never been commensurate leading to decay in structure either by quantity or quality. Hence, multiplying the number of inhibited slums from 42 in the year 1985 to over a hundred in 2010. (slums and chunky settlement)als o, this urban poor pay house rents that are al around 50-70% of their income since most accommodations as earlier said are provided by private landlords. Thus, dividing the metropolis into classes such as low income/high density, medium income/medium density, high income /low density. (Lawanson 2007, lookman oshodi 2010) The population in Lagos seems to growing each day with its problems. onetheless, according to aduwo,2011 quoting (Okupe, 2002 Oruwari, 2006), Public housing was birthed as a solution to the proliferation of slums and squatter settlements but Housing specialists have revealed that public housing has failed to provide decent housing, claiming that it has succeeded in segregating tenants by income, race, and that it has isolated residents from the larger community. However, all these problems have resulted in overcrowding of buildings leaving room for no access, urban sprawl, lack of open spaces, high cost of building materials etc. pic Population in lagos Source case study of lagosgeography and temper pic Source case study of lagosgeography and climate Reference 1.MANAGING METROPOLITAN LAGOS ,Raji Rasaki ,Inaugural Programme of the Africa leadership forum, 1988 2. HOUSING TRANSFORMATION AND ITS IMPACT ON NEIGHBOURHOODS IN SELECTED LOW-INCOME universe HOUSING ESTATES IN LAGOS, NIGERIA A PhD dissertation Egidario Bridgette ADUWO,2011 3. THE IMPACT OF URBANIZATION ON HOUSING DEVELOPMENT The Lagos Experience, Nigeria. Aluko O. E Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management Vol. 3 No. 3 2010 4. PUBLIC HOUSING DELIVERY IN NIGERIA PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES World congress on Housing Transforming Housing Environments through the Design south Africa, L. M Olayiwola, O Adeleye & L Ogunshakin, 2005 5.CHALLENGES AND GROWTH OF DEVELOPMET IN METROPLOLITAN LAGOS, archive. unu. edu/unupress/unupbooks old United Nations university website. 6. ANALYSIS OF THE INTERPLAY OF MIGRATION AND URBAN EXPANSION, ON HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT THE CASE OF LAGOS by Okuneye P. A, Adebayo, K, Opeolu B. T. and F. I. Baddru University of Agriculture, Abeokuta and University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria 7. LAGOS THE CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF AN EMERGENT AFRICAN MEGA city by Femi Olokesusi Paper Presented at the NISER Seminar Series on 5 July, 2011 8. HOUSING PROBLEMS IN NIGERIAN CITIES, Josephine Olu. Abiodun, reprinted from the town planning review, vol. 47, no. 4, October, 1976.