Woody Allen On Life And Death English Literature Essay

ashen Allen On Life And demise side of meat Literature Essay tree-living Allen was innate(p) on December 1, 1935. He is an actor, director, screenwriter, playwright, author, and acquiredian. He focuses most of his work on middleclass deportment history in fresh York City. He wrote a number of works that deal with heart and death, specifically in the twain I will focus on demise Knocks and some(prenominal) work. arboreal Allen depicts certain themes constantly throughout his works. Many of his characters dislodge their values dramatically, which they held dearly before to adapt to their current situation. This was app atomic number 18nt in his movie, whatsoever plant. He to a fault shows the degradation of hu world society in his film through the perspective of the main character, Boris. ashen Allen s overtake on life and death is shown in his movies and books as c abeyance, scarcely also depress and some eras scary because of the track he writes. arboreal Allen wa s born to a middleclass Jewish family in Brooklyn, newfound York. He eternally valued to be a playwright and started stand-up get ondy while in school. He was a writer for television shows, which helped him gain access to the enjoyment industry. Eventually, he began writing, directing and acting in his plays and films. He has won Oscars for his films and has bring into being a successful get intodian. He has put a lot of himself in his films. Many of his characters arrest been older men with younger wo spell, such as the relationship between Boris and line of reasoning in Whatever Works. tree-living Allen had a relationship with his ex-wife s adopted daughter, who he later married.Woody Allen is the writer and director of Whatever Works, a film in which he depicts his views on life through the main character, Boris. For Allen, filmmaking is an art that, he says, inconveniences me from the disbelief of life, the inevitability of aging and death and death of jockeyd unri valeds mass killings and starvation, from holocausts non equitable man-made carnage, but the existential position youre in. Allen has portrayed his characters as a self-projection that began in his earlier movies. In Stardust Memories (1980), Allen presented a portrait of a man who is intended to appear just as depraved as Allen s critics have accused him of being (Lee 115-116). Thus, in Whatever Works, Allen again projects himself on to Boris. Boris believes that life is a horror show and that is entirely overwhelming. He believes that life s aspirations in the end conform with age to whatever works. Whatever Works opening scene depicts the main character, Boris , outlook on life. The movie s head start scene talks almost the failures of ideologies because they all rely on the fact that people argon fundamentally decent, which he believes is untrue. Boris claims life is a nightmare without people in it and that people should take whatever enjoyment they mickle get in this h ouse of nightmares. He has a completely cynical and negative view of life.In an interview, Woody Allen expressed his views of life and his life as a filmmaker. subsequently Whatever Works, the broadcaster asked Woody about his reoccurring theme life being hard and painful. Allen responded, All the chief(prenominal) writers and all the important philosophers have, in unmatchable form or a nonher, come to the conclusion, the obvious conclusion, that you know, life is a terrible trial and very savage and very full of suffering, and so whatever you can do with the bargain that you dont hurt anybody without, you know, ruining a life here or in that respect or causing any damage, in that locations zipper wrong with it ( pull up stakes the Real Woody Allen). This provides insight into his philosophy of life and how it impacts his work. Like Boris, Woody says that real problems distract him from his work, homogeneous facing the harsh realities of life and facing death. He says that what distracts him isthe uncertainty of life and inevitability of aging and death, and death of loved ones, and mass killings and starvations and holocausts, and not just the manmade carnage but the existential position that youre in, you know, being in a world where you have no idea whats going on, why youre here or what possible meaning your life can have and the conclusion that you come to after a while, that thither is really no meaning to it, and its just a random, meaningless event, and these are pretty depressing thoughts. And if you spend much time daintyking about them, not moreover cant you resolve them, but you sit frozen in your stern (Will the Real Woody Allen).This shows how much Woody puts his thoughts into those of his characters. Woody Allen was influenced by umteen American and European influences, such as Ingmar Bergman, Dostoevsky, Charlie Chaplin, Orson Welles and more. Allen distrusts and satirizes formal knowledge which he explicitly voices through Melod y, when she tells Boris that he told her the American education formation has failed (Woody Allen).In Whatever Works, Woody Allen tells the story of Boris. He is an old man and a genius. He divorces his first wife after a failed self-destruction attempt when he realizes they are perfect on root word but incompatible in real life. Then one day, after hanging out with his friends, he meets Melody, a young woman from Mississippi. She convinces him to let her ride out with him temporarily. She is na ve and appreciates his outlook on life and eventually, falls in love with his genius mind. She believes she is lucky because a girl of her intelligence found a man with his genius, a physicist who claims he almost won the Nobel Peace Prize. Boris imposes his ideologies upon Melody.Woody Allen s views on beliefs are strongly shown as adapting to current situations. This can be turn aroundn in the movie Whatever Works through Woody Allen s depiction of Melody s parents. They are both unsk illed stereotypical religious Midwestern Americans. When Melody s return first arrives, she faints after seeing that Melody is married to a man like Boris, believing that he is either holding or hostage or has brainwashed her. Prior to arriving in New York City, Melody s mother was a housewife who had only been with one man, her husband. After he cheated on her, they got a divorce and she came to her daughter. Eventually, she settles into a life in New York City. After a few weeks, she becomes an artist and takes in a lover and thusly another lover. She waits with two men and establishs nude collages. Her husband is similar in his change. He is also a blue blooded American. When he comes to New York to get his wife back, he has a self-realization that he is a homosexual and lives with a male lover. Woody Allen shows how one s aspirations in life change to whatever works .In the movie, Woody Allen s view of life is cynical and his view of death is comical. Each time the character Boris s marriage fails he attempts suicide by jumping out the window. After the first time, Boris land on a cover develops a limp and divorces his wife. He believes they were the perfect couple on paper but that it no longer worked . He realized this after an concern attack in the middle of the night when he realized he was dying. He was referring to dying slowly each day and that one day, he will die. The second time Boris attempted suicide after his wife, Melody, tells him she is in love with another man and wants to love life and interact with others, and not be cynical anymore. He tells her he expected this day to come but when he goes home, he jumps out the window again. This time, he lands on a woman and breaks her leg. They eventually become a couple. Death is seen as way out of the hardship of life, however, for Boris, when one chapter closed, another opened. Life for him was always worth living, even if he did not believe so at the time. He also tried to commit suicide on a rash whim. It was never planned but an immediate action without thinking.Woody Allen has parodied suicide in many an(prenominal) of his films prior to Whatever Works, including What s New, kitty-cat? (1965). Throughout his works, Allen asks fundamental questions about human life that includes, Is it possible to create a deeply satisfying romantic relationship with just one somebody? Is there one set of absolutely true clean-living principles, or is ethics simply a matter of opinion? Is there God? And what will happen after death? (Lee 46). In Whatever Works (2009), Woody Allen has finally come to a conclusion for many of his philosophical questions that he asked in his earlier films. Woody Allen is definitive in claiming there is no God as Boris and Melody mock Melody s father for praying. Melody outright tells her father that he is praying to nothing just air. Thus, feeld with a meaningless universe and no way to prove the existence of God, his character contemplates suici de is something many of Allen s characters face (Blake 61). It was also apparent that romantic relationships are not with just one person because each of the characters had numerous relationships. Melody s mom had two lovers at the same time. None of the characters abided by a deep-rooted moralistic code either. Boris repeatedly claimed morals changed to whatever works .Death Knocks is a play about fooling death and putting it off. In the play, there are only two characters Nat Ackerman and Death. Death comes to Nat because it is his time to go. Nat refuses to believe him and plays Death in a game of Gin Rummy for an extra xxiv hours to live and for some money. Death loses. In the play, Death claims there is a specific Death for each person and that it resembles them. Nat refuses to believe Death and eventually kicks him out of his house. This short play symbolizes Woody Allen s refusal to come to monetary value with death, shrugging it off and not coming to terms with it. The pl ay shows Allen trying to come to terms with understanding what death is. However, in the play, Nat does not die.Many of his characters are obsessed with death. From Alvy in Annie Hall (1977) to Boris in Whatever Works (2009), the characters are obsessed with abstract considerations about the anguish of living and the terrors of death (Lee 61). curiously since, death is rarely far from Allen s thoughts or images (Blake 69). Woody Allen believes that life is synonymous with suffering. Thus, he takes a position of showing a thin line between choosing life and death for his characters, who are afraid to live and afraid to die.Thus, a repeated theme Woody Allen depicts is when a person comes to realize emotionally as well as intellectually that he will eventually die, he becomes filled with dread, which can be seen in works like Annie Hall and Manhattan (Lee 123). Boris had this epiphany that Nat Ackerson did not. Thus, the reactions of both characters for death were completely differen t.Woody Allen has led a successful career. He has made many films and indite many plays. He is a man who thinks he is an existentialist, trying to see the big picture. He is scared of death and attempts to not think about death by working hard in his films and plays. In Whatever Works and Death Knocks, you get a sense of Woody Allen and how he puts himself into his characters, especially seeing what he says about life and death.Work CitedAllen, Woody. Britannica Biographies. nerve centre Search Plus. Web. 18 Jan. 2011.Blake, Richard A. Woody Allen Profane and Sacred. Lanham, MD (u.a.) Scarecrow, 1995. Print.Estrin, Mark W. Allen, Woody. outside(a) mental lexicon of Films and Filmmakers. Ed. Sara Pendergast and tomcat Pendergast. 4th ed. Vol. 2 Directors. Detroit St. James Press, 2000. 8-14. Gale Virtual fiber Library. Web. 12 Jan. 2011.Lee, smoother H. Eighteen Woody Allen Films Analyzed Anguish, God and Existentialism. Jefferson, NC McFarland , 1998. Print.Lee, Sander H. Wood y Allens Angst Philosophical Commentaries on His Serious Films. Jefferson, NC McFarland, 1997. Print.McCaffrey, Donald W. Allen, Woody. International Dictionary of Films and Filmmakers. Ed. Sara Pendergast and Tom Pendergast. 4th ed. Vol. 3 Actors and Actresses. Detroit St. James Press, 2000. 11-14. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 12 Jan. 2011.Will The Real Woody Allen Please Stand Up? REBROADCAST. Fresh mail 29 Dec. 2009. Literature Resource Center. Web. 18 Jan. 2011.Woody Allen. International Dictionary of Films and Filmmakers. Vol. 2. Gale, 2000.Gale Biography In Context. Web. 19 Jan. 2011.Woody Allen On Life, Films And Whatever Works NPR. NPR National Public Radio News Analysis, World, US, Music Arts NPR. 15 June 2009. Web. 13 Jan. 2011. .

Application Of Islamic Microfinance In Poverty Alleviation Economics Essay

Application Of Muslim Microfinance In Poerty altogethereviation Economics Essay pauperisation is one of the native problems in developing countries. It is estimated that around 80 percent of the worlds population is life sentence in countries where income distribution gap is widening. destitution rate is quite mellowed in all Muslim countries except a few countries in S turn outheast Asia and the Middle East. Poverty trains throw away as well been associated with high diversity onside low productivity. Half of the Indonesia population (about 129 zillion) is animateness under the exiguity line of $2 a twenty-four hour period. While in South Asia cardinal largest Muslim states Bangladesh and Pakistan alone account for 122 million each living downstairs the meagreness line where as vitamin C million Muslims of India is besides living below the penury line. (extraction Moslem Microfinance Development Challenges and Initiatives, IRTI website, 2007)Microfinance is a part of monetary function which drop by the waysides not unionly credit facility but also savings, insurance, and fund transfers to facilitate low-income sight. The World trampt estimates that in that respect argon over 7,000 microfinance institutions serving some 16 million piteous peck in developing countries. The total cash turnover of MFIs world-wide is estimated at $2.5 billion and the potential for new fruit is outstanding. (Source Micro facts info Snapshots of Microcredit, world(prenominal) Development explore boil down website, 2008-2009)The Microcredit Summit estimates that $21.6 billion is needed to cater microfinance to speed of light million of the worlds distressing peopleest families. The Summit planners said it should be possible to raise US$2 billion from embraceers savings alone and the final figure may be even high. (Source Micro facts entropy Snapshots of Microcredit, worldwide Development enquiry Centre website, 2008-2009)Fewer than 10 million out of the cholecalciferol million people who run micro and small enterp evolves defend inlet to fiscal reinforcer for their business and fewer than 2% of the measly people have nettle to fiscal operate (credit and savings) from sources other(a) than geters. (Source MICROFACTS Data Snapshots of Microcredit, Global Development Research Centre website, 2008-2009)The supporters of microfinance believed that it give help in reducing poverty and the pattern became more(prenominal) popular in 1974 when famine struck Bangladesh. At the time, Dr. Muhammad Yunus was a professor of economics at the University of Chittagong. He subsequently started Grameen curse which has been a wonderful success with more than 90 percent recovery rate. (Source unaw bes history of Grameen Bank, Grameen Bank website, 2010)Studies have also shown that during an eight year period, among the poorest Bangladesh with no credit service of any type, only 4 % pulled themselves above. But with onl y individuals and families with credit from Grameen Bank, more than 48% rose above the poverty line. (Source MICROFACTS Data Snapshots of Microcredit, Global Development Research Centre website, 2008-2009)In Pakistan there are 25 Microfinance institutions with the total deposit of $52.3 million which covers 1.83 million of population out of total population of 174 million (Fehmeen, 2010). Pakistan is ranked 6th in call of population with the labor force of 53.78 million as estimated for 2009. (Source CIA world circumstance book, Central Intelligence Agency website, no date) get wind 1 Unmet contract for Microfinance in Pakistan from 2008-2009Source Microfinance Hub WebsiteFrom the statistical figures of 2008-2009 it can be said that the population below the poverty line is 29,928,000 million which represents 17.2 % of the total population and the sluggish population is 26,448,000 which heart 15.2% of the total population that sums up to 32.4% out of the total population of Pakis tan. These people need microfinance support to improve their living measuring stick because the people living below the poverty line are not even able to submit basic necessities of life (Fehmeen, 2010).In this regard, the monetary Inclusion Program (FIP) has been implemented by SBP with support of the UK Department for international Development (DFID), which aims to transform the financial market with a clear objective lens to provide equitable and efficient market- ground financial services to the otherwise excluded poor and marginalized population including women and young people. FIP has developed an evidence establish policy and a realistic target of reaching out to three million microfinance users by the end of 2010. (Source Financial Inclusion Program, SBP, no date)Some facts about the outreach of Moslem Microfinance in different countries are mentioned in the Table 1.Region nary(prenominal) of Included Institutions% of Female clients (Avg.)Total no. of ClientsTotal Ou tstanding bring Portfolio (US$)Avg. Loan Balance (US$)Afghanistan42253,01110,347,029162Bahrain1N/A32396,565299Bangladesh290111,83734,490,490280Indonesia1056074,698122,480,0001,640Jordon1801,4811,619,9091,094Lebanon15026,00022,500,000865Pakistan1406,069746,904123West Bank and Gaza1100132145,4851102Saudi Arabia1867,000586,66784Sudan3659,5611,891,819171Syria1452,2981,838,047800Yemen3587,031840,240146Total63299,441197,583,155564Table 1 Outreach of Islamic Micro Finance by CountrySource CGAP Survey, 2007Islamic finance is still in its introductory phase, but it has achieved double digit growth both in Pakistan and around the world. Some of the well known Islamic finance instruments are Murabaha (Sale Contract), Musharakah (Equity Participation), Mudarabah (Partnership), Ijarah (Lease Financing), Bay Muajjal (sale on Credit or deferred fee sale), Bay Salam (Deferred Delivery Sale) etc.1.2 Problem StatementInterest based micro lending carries high interest evaluate and is impermissibl e in Islam hence, this say strives to analyze how the strut of debt and legality based Islamic finance contracts be utilize in providing Islamic micro financial services in Pakistan which has more than one quarter people living below the poverty line and huge hoidenish population.1.3 Objectives of the studyIt provide fall upon and analyze unlike instruments of Islamic microfinance that can eliminate poverty effectively than stuffy micro financing.It exit recognize and analyze the mix of debt and truth based Islamic finance contract used in providing Islamic micro financial services in Pakistan.It will explore the backdrop of opportunities for Islamic microfinance in Pakistan.It will discover the challenges that Islamic microfinance could face in Pakistan.1.4 Importance of the studyThisstudyhighlights the brilliance of Islamic microfinance to help compress poverty in Pakistan. As the poor are becoming poorer in Pakistan due to rising pretentiousness and very limited s ources of physical exercise, this question will discuss how the Islamic microfinance could help in poverty alleviation, equitable redistribution and employment foot.1.5 Research MethodologyThis query study will inquire that how remote Islamic microfinance would be helpful in reducing poverty in Pakistan. To substantiate the case for microfinance the study will analyze 5 major(ip) countries where microfinance is prevalent. Panel data on four variables which include per capita income, education which will be thrifty by dint of literacy rate, poverty measured through character of population living below the poverty line and inequality measured through gini co-efficient will be taken from the selected five countries. The period of study will be different for each country starting from when microfinance started in particular countries to the current period. Secondly, the research will identify and analyze the mix of debt and equity based Islamic finance contract which could be used in providing Islamic micro financial services in Pakistan. For this purpose, specific entrepreneurial activities with investment requirements will be identified and then the warning Islamic mode to be used in specific entrepreneurial activities with particular investment would be recommended.1.6 Plan of the studyThis study consists of five phases. Work in each phase would be reported as a separate chapter. The first chapter of study will cover the introduction which includes the background of the study, Problem statement, Objectives of the study, importance of the study and scope of research. The second chapter will cover the literature review of will the academic and practical give in Microfinance. The third chapter will discuss the research methodology i.e. the various tools and techniques that will be used to conduct research. The fourth chapter will include the data collection and findings obtained from the analysis of the data collected. The fifth chapter will compen sate the research conclusion based on the findings.1.7 Limits of the studyThis study on application of Islamic microfinance in poverty alleviation would be useful and provide experiential support to future studies on Islamic microfinance in Pakistan. There exist no full fledge Islamic microfinance border in Pakistan. Hence, the models and instruments discussed have not been put into practice and empirical analysis of performance will be hard to make.CHAPTER 2LITERATURE canvass2.1 What is Microfinance? check to Abedelhamid 1991 (p. 57-64).Microfinance is a set of financial services which provides loans to clients who are excluded from the conventional financial system on account of no or picayune collateral. In the third world countries, microfinance has become very popular because inflation tends to be high and volatile government is often incompetent and the needed legal framework for financial services is often missingMicrofinance is the training of a broad range of financi al services such as deposits, loans, comprisement services, money transfers, and insurance to poor and low-income households and, their microenterprises. Microfinance services are provided by three types of sourcesFormal institutions, such as rural lingos and cooperativesSemiformal institutions, such as nongovernment organizations andInformal sources such as money lenders and shopkeepers.Institutional microfinance is outlined to include microfinance services provided by both formal and semiformal institutions. Microfinance institutions are defined as institutions whose major business is the provision of microfinance services. (Source Finance for execrable Microfinance development Strategy, ADB website, 2000)2.2 History of MicrofinanceMicrofinance history dates back to the mid of the 18th degree Celsius when the philosopher Lysander Spooner was doing research on the advantages from small loans to entrepreneurs and farmers as a way to get people out of poverty.The economist Timot hy Guinnane at Yale had been doing some research on Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisens village bank movement which started in 1864 in Germany and by the start of the year 1901 the bank reached 2 million rural farmers. As per Timothy Guinnane explanation it was proved that microcredit could pass the two tests concerning peoples payback moral and the possibility to provide the financial service to poor people. Today, the boldness Microfinance has its roots in the 1970s when the Grameen Bank of Bangladesh was established.At that time a new span of microfinance initiatives introduced many new procedures into the sphere of influence. Pioneering enterprises started doing experiments with providing credits to the poor people. Increasingly, it was popular opinion that people could be relied on for repayment of their borrowings and it is feasible to provide financial services to underserved people through market based enterprises without subsidy. In 1974, put down bank was the first microfin ance and community development bank founded in boodle for the first time in USA. (Source History of micro finance, Global discover website, 2006)Today the World Bank estimates that more than 16 million people are served by some 7000 microfinance institutions all over the world. CGAP experts suggested that about 500 million families benefits from these small loans making new business possible. (Source Micro facts Data Snapshots of Microcredit, Global Development Research Centre website, 2008-2009)2.3 Present Situation and harvesting of MicrofinanceThe year 2008 is considered as the beginning of a challenging period for microfinance in a number of countries. The economic and financial crises that reached MFIs and their clients turned calm water into rough shores for many institutions in the industry. The year 2009 MIX Global 100 Composite be captures the effects of this changing environs, where global growth rates slowed for the first time in years, and many MFIs faced stagnant or rising costs, and in some instances a slow rise in credit risk.Figure 3 Growth Pattern of Microfinance in all continentsSource MIX Global website, 2009The 2009 edition of the MIX Global 100, surveyed 955 institutions from nearly 100 countries as illustrated in Table 2. As a group, surveyed institutions represented nearly 85 percent of the known pool of microfinance borrowers, serving 72 million borrowers with 37 billion USD in loans and dimension 22 billion USD in deposits from 67 million microfinance clients (Source MIX Global website, 2009).Table 22009 MIX Global 100 Composite Ranking Countries with Most MFIs in point 100CountryMFIs in Top 100All Ranked MFIsIndia2051Ecuador944Egypt612Philippines634Bangladesh59Cambodia513Bolivia422Bosnia and Herzegovina413Armenia37Mexico327Morocco35Dominican Republic22Jordan26Mongolia24Nepal216Peru254Serbia24Vietnam25Source MIX Global website, 2009Microfinance is assured as one of the tools that can drop-off as well as eradicate poverty. harm onize to Saefullah (2010) numbers of research have been conducted in order to measure the success of microfinance. The stories of Grameen Bank in Bangladesh, Bank Rakyat Indonesia (Indonesian People Bank) in Indonesia, Self-Help Group in India show the finis to which microfinance can eliminate poverty. Obaidullah (2008) has also done research that attempts to identify the annulus of microfinance.Table 3 Poverty Level and Financial Access in Bangladesh, Indonesia and TurkeySource Islamic Microfinance Development Challenges and Initiatives, 2008, IRTI, IDBName of Member Counrty kind-hearted Poverty index RankIncome poverty Index Population at a lower placePopulation in millionsNo. of poor in millionsFinancial access percentage (2007)$ 1 a day (%)$ 2 a day (%)Poverty LinePeoples republic of Bangladesh853682.845147.3712232Republic of Indonesia417.552.417.8245.45128.640Republic of Turkey213.418.72070.4113.249 blow of microfinance in household and community take componentsAccording to study of Chowdhury Bhuiya (2004) the wider impacts of BRAC (Bangladesh folksy and Advancement Committee) poverty alleviation program found that there was a positive impact on living normal as the survival rate and schooling of children improved.The Impact of microcredit on borrowers of Grameen Bank by Khandker (2003) illustrate that there was a positive impact on the households poverty reduction that availed the microfinance facility. Latif (2001) in his study on the effects of microcredit on the household saving of Bangladeshi borrowers cogitate that saving-income ratio was prodigiously higher for the guests of microfinance as compared to poor who were not participants of microfinance institutes.Another research conducted by zamang (2001) on the Impact of microcredit on poverty and vulnerability found that there is positive impact on income and decision making capability of poor development microfinance.Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (2001) researched on the I mpact of microcredit on savings and informal borrowings discussed that microcredit increased savings and this was more prominent in women than men.hakeem (2000) in the study Impact of microfinance program highlighted the higher social dealing and mobility among women clients and the positive impact of microfinance on asset-ownership.Mosley and Hulme (1998) studied the possible conflict among growth and poverty alleviation. Their main finding is that the income and assets of the borrowers had increased due microcredit.Halder (1998) in the research identification of the poorest and the impact of credit on them asserted that the members of BRAC (Bangladesh Rural and Advancement Committee) consumed high calories as compared to non-members.Pitt and Khandaker (1996) explained in their study the Impact of microcredit on borrowers of BRAC, BRDB (Bangladesh Rural Development Board) and Grameen Bank that there was positive impact in women employment, total per capita weekly expenditure and womens non-land assets. Villagers attitude and other behaviors can be changed through credit programs.(The Challenge of Poverty and Mapping out Solutions undeniable Paradigm Shift from a Problem-Solving and Islamic Perspective Dr. Mohammad Omar Farooq)M.A.Hamid (no date) found in his research that from 200 customers of Grameen Bank 46 were willing to join the Islamic bank of Bangladesh limited and one of the three main reasons was that this Islamic bank will provide services of microfinance inwardly the limits of Islamic Shariah and Grameen Bank will not.Microfinance has a very essential role to play in development match to proponents of microfinance. As per UNCDF (2004) studies microfinance plays three vital roles in improvement. graduation exercise of all it helps needy people to fulfill their basic take and cling to against hazards and is also related with up gradation of household economic well-being and lastly it motivates women by their participation in economy and also advertise equality.Results of a research on monitoring and evaluation of PKSF (Palli Karma-Sahayak Foundation) (2005) sponsored microfinance programs shows that absolute poverty decreased by 9% and moderate poverty reduced by 5% through 1997 to 2000.Amin et al. (2003) in his study the Impact of microcredit on clients of Grameen Bank, BRAC and ASA concluded that Microcredit program was successful in reaching poorObjective of microfinance according to Otero (1999) is not just about providing jacket crown to the poor or run against poverty on an individual direct but it also has a responsibility on an institutional level. It seeks to create organizations that can provide their financial services to the poor, who are continuously ignored by the formal sector. According to Littlefield and Rosenberg (2004) study people that are below poverty line are not part of financial services sector of the economy so thats why microfinance institutions have established to provide solution to the se issues. MFIs become a major part of financial sector of country by providing these services to poor people and hence it can also access capital markets for the funding of their lending portfolios. (Otero, 1999)The overall collision of microfinance can be canvass on three things including level, type and its variable. Level defines its depth that on which level it has affected the target market whereas type of impact examines how it has benefited the people a abundant with the impact variables as mentioned in fig. 2.Impact of microfinance on household can be accessed on two levels household and community through its types by considering its different variables. It can be scrutinize through income, education, empowerment and other social things as well.Level s of ImpactTypes of ImpactImpact VariableEconomic VariablesIncomeHousehold AssetsHousingAccess to food adult male bang-upEducationHealthConfidenceSkillsEmpowermentSocial CapitalSocial NetworksSocial MobilityHouseholdCommunity SocialEconomicFigure 2 Impact of Microfinance in House hold and community levelSource Eoin Wrenn, 20052.4 Challenges for MicrofinanceThe achievement in microfinance in the world has been impressive carnal knowledge to the status in the 1970s. However, a number of major problems remain.2.4.1Policy development environment for financial sectors programsThe policy environment for microfinance in many countries still remain unfavorable for sustainable growth in microfinance operations. For example, in countries such as Peoples Republic of China, Thailand, and Viet Nam, the ceilings on interest rates limit the ability of MFIs to provide increased and continuing access to an increasing segment of the excluded households.2.4.2Inadequate financial al-QaidaIt is other major problem in the world. Financial infrastructure includes legal, information, and regulatory and supervisory systems for financial institutions and markets. Most governments have not focused to work out financial infras tructure that supports, strengthens, and ensures the sustainability of such institutions or programs and promotes participation of private sector institutions in microfinance. The other major financial infrastructure-related problems include lack ofA legal framework conducive for emergence and sustainable growth of lowly financial institutions,Regulatory and supervisory systems for microfinance in countries where the microfinance subsector is attacking a level of maturity, andEmphasis on development of accounting and auditing practices and professions2.4.3Limitation of retail level institutional capacityMost retail level institutions do not have adequate capacity to expand the scope and outreach of services on a sustainable basis to most of the potential clients.Lack capacity to supplement funds,Are unable to provide a range of products and services harmonious with the potential clients characteristics.Do not have an adequate network.(Source Finance for short Microfinance devel opment Strategy, ADB website, 2000)2.5 Islamic MicrofinanceAccording to Mufti Muhammad Taqi Usmani( no date) , from years Muslims are move to frame their style of living according to Islam thats why they restrict themselves within the limits of Shariah which on the basis of Islam prohibits the practice of Riba or interest in any of the financial or trade activities.According to Dr. Abbas Mirakhor, Executive manager of the IMF as referred by Chaudhri(2006)An important function of Islamic finance that is rarely noted is the ability of Islamic finance to provide the vehicle for financial and economic empowerment to convert dead capital into income generating assets to financially and economically empower the poorIslamic Microfinance is the way of financing to the underserved population without using the concept of interest. Microfinance is already more structurally aligned to applying Islamic equity financing structures. As microfinance programs are based on group sacramental man duction of risk and personal guarantee while maintenance of trust and candor is tied to the availability of future funds.2.5.1 Importance of Islamic MicrofinanceIn his storied book Wealth of Nations,Adam Smith argued that participation in unearthly sects could potentially pass two economic advantages to adherents. The first could be seen as a reputational signal while the poor might look identical to potential employers, lenders, and customers, membership in a specific group could convey a reduction in risk associated with the particular individual and at long last improve the efficient allocation of resources. Second, religious groups could also provide for extra-legal means of establishing trust and sanctioning miscreants in intra group transactions, again reducing dubiousness and improving efficiency, especially where civil remedies for failure to uphold contracts were weak.(Case study Islamic microfinance and socially responsible investment Anderson and Noland, 1988).Isla mic finance techniques could give thousands of entrepreneurial poor the access to microfinance an option they might not consider if traditional, interest-based commercial message loans were offered. More experimentation and practice in the field should contribute to more knowledge and a better understanding of effective loan rake mechanisms using Islamic banking principles (Muhammad Ramzan, 1996).2.5.2 Islamic approach to poverty alleviationAll principles or laws in Islam owe their origin to its holy book the account book and the sayings and deeds of its illusionist (peace be upon him) encapsulated in books of Hadith. A saying of the visionary (peace be upon him) forcefully drives home the central message of Islam regarding poverty Poverty is almost like disbelief in God.. On another occasion, the Prophet (peace be upon him) is reported to have said Allah I seek psychiatric hospital with you from the affliction of poverty (Soruce Sahih Bukhari read, study, search online Volu me 8, Book 75, Number 379).Islam views poverty to be a curse to be eradicated through productive efforts. Poverty is in conflict with enrichment of self (nafs), which is one of the primary objectives (maqasid) of Shariah. Islamic jurists have unanimously held the view that it is the collective province (fardkifayah) of a Muslim auberge to take care of the basic needs of the poor. (Obaidullah, Muhammed (2008)2.5.2.1CharityCharity occupies a central position in the Islamic scheme of poverty alleviation. The broad limit for charity in Islam is Sadaqa. When compulsorily mandated on an eligible Muslim, Sadaqa is called Zakah. When Sadaqa results in issue of benefits that are expected to be stable and permanent (such as, through gift of a physical property), it is called Sadaq-e-jariya or Waqf.Establish Prayer and dispense the purify Alms (Zakat) and bow in worship with those who bow (Al-Quran, (243))The research paper by Professor Habib Ahmed (no date) asserts that Zakah play an im portant role in eliminating poverty and a significant impact of Zakah can be seen if the macroeconomic policies are in the alignment with poverty reduction objective.Zakah is the third among five pillars of Islam and payment of zakah is an obligation on the wealth and production of every Muslim. The primary issue with a zakah or sadaqa-based solution to the challenge of poverty is the issue of sustainability. Funds mobilized through these tools tend to fluctuate from time to time and may not lend themselves to careful planning and implementation. Further, these funds are meant mostly for the extremely poor and function as a safety net for meeting their quick and basic needs. Benefits from waqf, assets are of course, meant to flow to the community at large and also on a sustainable basis (M U Chapra, 2008).It has been In FY 2009, just about Rupees 150 billion were paid by people in Pakistan in charity, of which 90 percent was for the purpose of paying Zakat. (Dawn, September, 7, 20 09)According to Dr Mohammad Omar Farooq people when pay Zakah should be concerned with its impact on the society in the long or short term to get the solutions for poverty alleviation.In another research conducted by Nafis Alam (no date) states in his study Islamic venture benignity a tool for community development that Islamic charities are significant influential tool for sustainable community development.2.5.3 Islamic Microfinance ProductsIslamic approach to poverty alleviation is a composite of a mission based and market-based interventions. Islamic Microfinance need not be restricted to not-for- clams modes alone. Islam permits for-profit trade and creation of wealth. It depends on the customer that what he/she wants to do with the money either needs just security of the money against which he/she may not take up the profit or wants to invest the money and share both profit and loss.The poor need a range of microfinance services, such as, micro-savings, micro-credit, micro-eq uity, micro-Takaful and micro-remittance. In the mount of mainstream Islamic finance, people come across a host of for-profit modes through which such services may be provided to the poor. These could be used for microfinance with insignificant modifications wherever needed (Obaidullah, 2008).Micro-SavingsMicro-savings is a critical financial service for poor and excluded households. Poor people want secure, convenient deposit services that allow for small balances and transactions and offer easy access to their funds. However, microfinance institutions across the ballock tend to neglect this product while giving undue importance to micro-credit. The contract underlying a savings product must be free from elements of Riba and Gharar.This constitutes one of the most well known Islamic products, consisting in a cost-plus profit financing transaction in which a tangible asset is purchased by an Islamic institution at the prayer of its customer from a supplier. The Islamic institutio n then sells the asset to its customer on a deferred sale basis with a markup reflecting the institutions profit motley contractual options for designing savings products are wadia, qard hasan and Mudarabah (Obaidullah, 2008).Micro-CreditThe Islamic alternative to interest-based conventional loan is trade based or lease-based credit that permits the ownership and/or use of commodities or physical assets needed for productive ente

The Nature of Construction Problems: Past and Present

The Nature of Construction Problems Past and PresentABSTRACT This foundup aims at deriving a comprehensive understanding pertaining to the different wrench hardies that sacrifice been confront in the past and ar cosmos faced presently in the present too. It provides a vivid analysis of wherefore the problems were faced, the nature of the problems and how they were dealt with.It has been a long duration since the first inception of decoratorural ideas that had crept into our ancestors minds. justly from the St matchless Age, man has in reality been into this act of bring ab unwraping stuff for making his life easy. At the very juncture of the Metal Age, he got a further boost with the advent of new materials and kink techniques. Furthermore, came the times when computer interior decoratorure was at its peak. Everywhere in the realness thither was zeal to construct coordinates that non only do life comfortable for man, but also soothed his eyes. The classical ord ers of the Greeks packed the punch of serving as better morphological members along with being a visual treat. The Romans had been joint in constructing an competent system of water supply in the form of a series of arches together being called as aquaducts. It still stands as an example battalion look up to design urban spaces. Egyptians were no less. They were meticulously constructing pyramids and dead room tombs that were way beyond the human scale. They had designed the first forms of conveyor systems in building construction. Similarly, India saw the construction of a lot of architectural wonders. Right from the construction of the monolithic muffin structures of the Ajanta-Ellora caves and the temples of Mahabalipuram to the Islamic structures of Taj Mahal and the Humayuns tomb it had been a marvellous leap in the form of architectural progress. Finally came the times of controversies about architecture when Gustav Eiffel proposed the construction of an all metal stru cture this instant called the Eiffel tower. There was a lot of noise about the fact that how it would at last look when it was constructed in Paris. Many lot said that it might crease out to be a scar on the face of the city. But, now fortunately it is known as the first thing that helps us line the city of Paris. There have also been controversies about Zaha Hadids designs. She is one of the pioneer architects as far as the use of fluidic forms is concerned. Her designs have about always been at the helm of criticism by the senior architects of her times. But, she has been articulate in executing her own designs. Similarly, in the recent times firedog O Gehry had faced a lot of challenges in bringing up his work called Bilbao museum. He has been criticised like hell up to the level of being called the mad architect. Now as we come up to the fact of such(prenominal) progress in the field of construction, croupe we deny that there have been no difficulties in the construction of these age old structures? No will be the answer.As we go back to the times when the monolithic stone structures of the Kailasa temple was constructed, we get to know that no good technology was useable at that time. However, they have managed to actually make it possible to form a massive temple out of a single rock. Imagine that how the someone who started the construction, actually just used a chisel and a formulate to build such a huge temple. It is said that he started from the point and kept on chiselling till the bottom. It is evident that this wonderful construction moldiness have taken a long time to come up. But, it has not been constructed by a single sculptor. Imagine the fuss in passing(a) on the same knowledge about the structure to so umteen artisans over the ages. There might have been some(prenominal) changes made to this temple structure during the construction. This must have made it even more difficult for the sculptors. Now raises the capitulum of mana ging the waste that was generated in this process. How were all the cut out stones used? Yes, they were used to make roads and for pety constructions. But wasnt it genuinely difficult to manage these heavy masses? Yes, it must have been tedious. A similar structure had come up previously. The Konark temple in Bhubaneshwar, Orissa had a huge contribution in raising the architectural taste of the people of the nation. In this construction, they used the method of constructing sand ramps as it was being constructed towards the take end. This had actually ensured that the structure didnt get decayed during the construction process. However, this structure had made use of a huge pole at the stub in the form of a magnet that gave the massive stone structure all its strength. This had been acquired by the British during their reign in our country. But, later on what it was used for nobody knows. Just imagine how that huge magnet was made to stand just by the use of very basic tools. Th is speaks of the difficulty in constructing structures belonging to the typology of stone temples.Now, when the importance of Constantinople came into existence, there was a fast need for the construction of some(prenominal) public buildings. At that time there was a huge recession in the field of construction in Europe. There was a shortage of resources, funds, architects and even labourers. This thing gave rise to a new form of architecture. This form of architecture came to be known as Polymath Architecture. In this form of architecture the existing buildings were used to build several other buildings. The Roman basilicas were used to build the Basilican churches that formed the alkali of Christianity. The columns of the condemned buildings were actually truncated to get a uniform size. As a result, the buildings were having a size very close to the human scale. Explicitly or purposely, this form of architecture happened to be more close to people. Even the foundations of seve ral buildings were used to meet the needs of the times. The rotunda buildings were used to used to build baptisteries when the question of child baptism came into existence. These spaces required a kind of radiating building architectural plan in order to accommodate the required activity. So, the unavailability of resources at that time was addressed in such a way.Now, when we come to construction of buildings that atomic number 18 built with the on public money, the question of minimalism comes into existence. The usage of marginal amount of resource and funds comes into existence. Taking the example of a theme, when an architect is given task of designing a public building, he has to make sure that he does not raise the cost of the building to the efflorescence of making it unfeasible. Nowadays, in case of construction of public buildings, the factor of techy pops up. The person coming up with the most apt design at heart the least of cost frame usually gets the project. S uch a case can be taken up when it comes to the Bilbao museum. It was designed by dog-iron O Gehry. He had gone through the criticism of the entire world because of his design. His design was so complex that it made use of aircraft design software. He had actually gone to the point of overusing resources. The frames of the building were made using thickly steel sections. A large layer of fabric was used to projection screen the building. Above this a layer of titanium sheets were used. Around twenty foursome thousand square meters of such were used. As a result of this, he was criticised over the fact that a similar functionality and aesthetics was achievable with lesser use of resources. But, he had paid no heed to what the people said. He has a concept of a fish just because he had memories of spillage to a fish market with his grandma. This vague justification brought about a lot of talks throughout the world. Luckily, the titanium prices had gone down at that point of time. So, he had the privilege of not getting the project cancelled.When residential projects are taken into consideration, there are several pety issues that come up. funds remain limited in most cases. There have been cases when construction of a single house has gone through a ceasework point in time of more than a year just due to the lack of funds. some other religious issues play a vital role in our country when it comes to construction of residences specially. Several people actually back out when the architect is reluctant to listen to his specifications about how the building should be.Industrial buildings have challenges that are totally different as compared to other buildings. They should have the ability to actually justify all the government norms regarding the minute points like waste contemporaries and hazard safety factors. They should have special anthropometric specifications but they should not use too much of space.So, as we come to conclude this, we can actually see that several issues are getting solved in this context. Several architects are coming up with innovative ideas to actually leave to the ideas of the government and the environmental impact assessment bodies to make a direction regarding this matter. So let us hope for a hassle at large(p) and green future aheadReferencesHistory Of Architecture by Sir balusters FletcherConstruction Delays Extension Of time and prolongation claims by Roger Gibson

Overcoming Physical, Cultural and Communicative Barriers

Overcoming Physical, Cultural and Communicative BarriersINTRODUCTIONOrganisation choke to equivalence and mixed bag is key factor to reduce communication issues such as lecture and agriculture. There are lots of methods to improve e part and diversity in an organisation. Inside of organisation we are devising a comprehensive works, examining and analyze all over environment where contrasts are esteemed and uniformity of chance is progressed. The ferocity is on keeping on delivering a reasonable support of our clients by meeting the changing requirements of worldwide antithetical groups.LANGUAGE AND purificationIn this case, style is the key factor in the success of every organization. But get-go wellbeing proficiency, friendly obstructions, and constrained English electrical content have been authored the threefold danger to compelling wellness communication. (Kate Singleton 2009) People much feel that communication is as easy and simple as its sound. It describes what we would indirect request to communicate with others, how we interact with others. We need to use good communication with clients, their relatives and our colleges. erstwhile(prenominal) language barriers create misunderstandings amongst receiver and provider it affects delay health service likewise client do not understand the discipline ingestn by provider due to poor pronunciation, because they are from different culture and communities. So we need to speak effective and efficient language at work place that all are clearly understood. (Asma Zaineb 2010)On the other hand, patients from culture minority gatherings may be more subjected to the impacts of low wellbeing tuition than patients from the overwhelming society due to collaborations between proficiency, multifaceted correspondence barrier including culture, and the experience of bias. Barriers occur at customer level, marketers level and management level. For instance, NZ considered patient with low wellbeing education may have the capacity to speak with attendants, explore the human operate framework, and self-deal with the infection more viably than another culture and religion person who additionally shows low wellbeing proficiency. The local conceived patient would have the capacity to estimate on English capability and rather than another public people. to a fault culturally safe practice is setting up a swear association with the client and an Organization. . (Tiatia j. 2008) organisation SUPPORT TO EQUALITY AND DIVERSITY suitable opportunities with circumstances and differences judiciary show the standards of advancing work environment eternal sleep and assorted qualities with diverse hypothetical bases their reasons being in the first the need to offer social equity and in the last, the necessarily of the association (Noon and Obgonna, 2001) e.g. to rise judicatory quality. Fulfilments with authorities system causes decide how to enhance the nature of favor in your associations administrations and clients encounters of them. Individuals have a tendency to be fulfilled by administrations when their experience coordinates their positive desires. Desires are framed by numerous elements, including the necessarily and attributes of the administration client. Normal elements for thought incorporate responsiveness and the capacity to clear boundaries. (State administrations commission 2008). The procedures to manage differing qualities issues posterior be disruptitioned into individual level administration methods, for example, understanding, compassion, correspondence, tolerance or authoritative level methodologies, approaches, practices, culture and preparing (Denisi and Griffin, 2001).METHODS OF COMMUNICATING dedicationPLANSPlanning is aptitudes that generally need to meet up to accomplish a successful result. planning include thinking and preparing assignments that need to be through with(p) to accomplish particular objectives. Arranging is an instrument to deal with a venture, an occupation, a movement or a circumstance that you are going to embrace. It is straightforwardly connected with scheduling, conviction administration and finds solutions to reduce barriers.For example, a nurse working in hospital she set up cathexis plan for patient, firstly she check the priority need of patient and then set up wield plan after will implement to patient flavor by step for early recovery and prevention and manage her clock to do these activities in last she evaluate the results and consider feedback from them they are adroit with services.TEAM MEETINGSIt plays vital office in an organization. Team gatherings are vituperative instruments for managing group assignments and efficiency. Successful group meetings take into account open backchat that draws upon every individuals learning, aptitudes, and viewpoints to tackle issues and errors in services each other in succeeding the groups joint objectives. On the other hand, it is principle that both the clients and, particularly, the persons serving them know their own roles and duties act as needs be to flow social and language errors. (Salo-Lee, 1996)ROLES AND RESPONISIBILITIESIt is most important part of organizations how to apply roles and responsibilities to improve better services and dominate the barriers. The main debt instrument of stakeholder to manage workforce planning, change management, learning and development, employment attractiveness (State services commission 2008) it helps to reduce physical, cultural and language barriers.WORKFORCE PLANNING custody arranging is an essential business system to empower future arranging, anticipate change, deal with the workforce, and meet business objectives. (State administrations commission 2008).For example, in an organisation, the main role of owner to evaluate the legal responsibility for promoting par and reduced discrimination, and back about commitments are fulfilled.CHANGE MANAG EMENTThe procedure of progress essential be overseen and arranged both from an organization and from an individual viewpoint. Change administration is a deliberate means to deal with managing these progressions, and includes adjusting to change, controlling change, and effecting administrations. Give development to employee about new policies and procedures we are adding in organisation so they substantially understood and adapt. (State administrations commission 2008)LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENTA learning and procession method helps adjust, plan, needs, structure, incorporate and assess learning and advancement exercises. This serves to address capacity issues, enhance execution, and hold great staff. It is important to overcome lapse in quality regard. (State administrations commission 2008) For example, the Human Resources Department is responsible for giving view to staff and implementing related policies and procedures. They ensure all staff receives appropriate equality an d diversity inclusion training.OCCUPATIONAL ATTRACTIVENESSYour occupation allure is the way individuals see your association as a work environment. An in subjugate brand can empower associations to enhance the quantity of brilliant candidates requisitioning occupations they give extensive administrations to customers and enhance worker exertion and execution. (State administrations commission 2008)TIMESCALEThe span of time within which certain events occur or are scheduled to occur considered in relation to whatever broader period of time. In health care system it means data collection, accurate recording and reporting of clients records up to date and time. For examples when health care assistant provide any care to patient maintain their records on accurate time and date it helps to diminish errors.AUDITClinical review is the efficient examination of the nature of social insurance, including the systems utilized for conclusion, treatment and consideration, the utilization of ass ets and the subsequent result and personal expiation for the client. The clinical review lead ought to have a handsome interior of the association, and must champion clinical review both to partners and administration alike. insurance policy REFORMThe administration as of late presented an arrangement of essential consideration changes went for enhancing wellbeing and lessening variations by diminishing co-instalments, moving from charge for administration to capitation and advancing population wellbeing management (Science directs 2005). The objective of policy if any type of discrimination or harassment by a particle of staff in case of sex, age, physical disability and religion it take extremely and may corrective action being taken.ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES move wellbeing and standing up to disease difficulties require activity over a scope of exercises in the wellbeing framework. This incorporates upgrades in the policy making and stewardship part of Governments, better acces s to HR, drugs, therapeutic gear, and consumables, and a more prominent engagement of both open and private suppliers of administrations. The best projects additionally unify components of group training that move state of mind over the farseeing time. The requirement for intercessions to be association and even area particular is additionally suggested.CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSIONIn conclusion I described how to overcome physical, cultural and language barriers, what kind of services we need to use in an organization to promote good quality services. How can organization support to equality and diversity. There are lots of methods to provide fairly and quality care to provider and to overcome the barriers in an effective organization. The use of health services is the process of seeking professional health care and submitting oneself to the employment of regular health services, with the purpose to prevent or treat health problems and promote equality and diversity.REFFRENCESAsma Z aineb (2010), Barriers to effective communication in an organisation and overcoming it retrieved from http//blog.commlabindia.com.Tiatia j. (2008) Ministry of wellness Organisation. Pacific cultural competencies retrieved from http//www.moh.govt.nz.State Services commission April (2008). Implementing and monitoring equality and diversity retrieved from www.ssc.govt.nz.Science Direct (2005), Reducing health disparities through patriarchal care reform the New Zealand experiment http//www.sciencedirect.com.POWERPOINT PRESENTATION POINTSLANGUAGE (1ST SLIDE) meek wellbeing proficiency, social obstructions, and constrained English capability have been authored the triple danger to compelling health communication.Sometime language barriers create misunderstandings between receiver and provider because they are from different culture and communities.CULTURE (2ND SLIDE)Patients from culture minority gatherings may be more subjected to the impacts of low wellbeingORGANISATION SUPPORT TO EQUA LITY AND DIVERSITY (3RD SLIDE)Equal opportunitiesFulfilments with administrationThe procedures to manage differing qualities issues can be partitioned into individual level administration methods.

Training And Development At Pizza Hut Management Essay

Training And Development At pizza chantey Management EssayThis report is ground on pizza pie hut eating place located in West London, and entrust digest on the bird-scarer position employees, front of house module i.e. waiters and waitresses. This select was particularly based on our employment last since July 2007, and substantial familiar information based on nurture, policies and so on. In distinguish to de borderine, which extent the make-up follows good practice, learning and knowledge i.e. stpacegic or line of disdain sector conduct.Company background pizza pie hut is owned by the Ameri female genital organ Group Yums Inc, which is one of the largest pizza eatery companies in the world in scathe of twain the number of fall outlets and the percentage of commercialize sh atomic number 18 that it holds. The ships lodge oversees more(prenominal) than 11,000 pizza eating houses and oral communication outlets in 90 countries worldwide. (Digica 08)Bri tains original pizza pie Hut started victorious orders 30 years ago in Islington, due north London, and is now the leading pizza eating house and delivery chain in the UK. The company has over 600 outlets, including over 370 dine-in eating places and over 170 home delivery units, and it employs al approximately 20,000 people in the UK. (Digica 08)Company Vision and Business outlineAccording to the pizza pie hut student information pack (06), the stack of the company is the pursuitTo be the most love and trusted eatery brand in the UKWhereas the passion is, Great People, Great pizza, Great multiplicationpizza Huts vision is the desired future state and aspiration, in which the g tout ensembleery bunk of the sloshed is seeking to focus the attention and aw arness on the whole aspect of the memorial tablet (Johnson 0909). So that pizza hut to be possessed of got a respected and trusted restaurant brand, such as cost- major powerful operations, good feel food and pro vide not bad(p) cling to for their international guests i.e. hospitality gain. The company recognises that in order to achieve their bulky term vision, their employees should be hale screwd and directed, seeing that the returns levels i.e. hospitality is delivered from front line staff, in which will lease overall impact on the goals of the organisation and its magnate to retain customers for continuous repeat transmission line.Pizza Hut do developed an operational schema, which is directly relate to how component parts of the firm jock deliver in effect(p)ly the corporate level strategies in terms of resourcefulnesss, processes and people (Johnson 0909). For ideal, Pizza hut flummox implemented the adjacent strategy step to achieve their overall goalsBuild people strength in order toProvide come back again service withA passion for product that willDrive gross revenue andMaximise attain what is more, Pizza Hut recognizes that in order to reach their line of credit aims, the following principles be all authorized(predicate) to the organizationclient deliriumBelief in PeopleRecognitionCoaching and SupportAccountabilityExecutional Excellence peremptory EnergyTeamworkThis increased emphasis on the restaurant employees is due to the situation the company had issues with a high number of staff overthrow gibe to Management instantly (1998). In which the percentage was high as clx% and resulted in extremely low employee moral. So as a result, Pizza Hut became orderd to transform their staffing policy in order to, get through sales of 600 millionSatisfy 2.6 million customers a week load staff turnover to 50% (Pizza hut student information 06)Comp ard to early(a) accepted competitive fast food restaurants such as McDonalds, who atomic number 18 use a similar strategy to Pizza Hut. For modelling providing calling opportunities that allow their employees to develop their full authorisation i.e. comprehensive training programmes enables a first billet employee to progress through to a fourth-year worry position through merit-based promotions. Since traditionally, it has been unenviable for fast food restaurants to retain staff for long term commitment (charge article 1998). Hence Pizza Hut has followed McDonalds strategy, in order to motivate staff and increase productivity so that profits be maximised.(Times 100 case study)Strategic and Business ledBarham (et al 1988) states they argon two termsStrategic Human resource Development (HRD), in which arises from the organisations vision about what its business should be the abilities and potential of its people and the options available at bottom a given period boundary to help it grow and prosperBusiness-Led HRD is a response to the changing business needs of the organisation, thereby improving its capability to achieve its business goals hence, it nookie be peeed that the vision and strategy of Pizza Hut, according to Barham et al is (1988), is str ategic and business led. For example the organisations vision statement indicates how they wish to be perceived by the atoms of the public, electropositive the potential and abilities of its employees and liberal them opportunities to develop.Moreover the business is responding to the changing needs i.e. trim back staff turnover. Staff turnover is a business risk, Pizza Hut bring in identified the problem and minify the ways in which it affects their restaurants through a structured staff management programme, in which this report will except investigate.Taking into account, that staff turnover has a negative impact on businesses in competitive market which Pizza Hut operates in. Especially when team members are key to its achiever and continuity because the level of hospitality service will determine the rate of repeat business, employee may leave if they are demotivated, by not be treated right by line managers for not world deft to cope with rush hour periods and may l ose self self- arrogance and ability.Consequently, retaining staff and treating them fairly has benefits for the business. Continuity and stability become part of Pizza Huts culture, and staff feel they belong to the organisation and take pride in their work. Skills and competencies are maintained in key business scene of actions and productivity is often increased.On the whole Pizza Hut address to learning and development is in line with CIPD (09) survey which, states 50% of organisations are integrating a leaning and development culture across organisation, i.e. Beliefs in people, coaching and admit have become important principles to Pizza Hut.Training and development approachesBarham (et al 1988) identified lead different training and development approaches which are the followingFragmented approach where training is not linked to organisation goals, and too be perceived as a luxury or a waste of timeFormalised approach -training is gradually creation linked human resour ce needsFocuse approach training is regarded as competitive weapon and is linked to organisation strategy and goals.In Pizza Hut, all stark naked recruits joining the restaurant are sent on a initial induction programme, in which the company introduce refreshing recruits to their job position, their team and the workplace and the organisational background i.e. business values. Secondly, it helps them establish lordly relationships between the employees by grammatical construction their commitment to its visions and goals i.e., Being the most loved restaurant brand and providing great service for customers. (Harrison 09163).Furthermore, Pizza Hut emphasises the greatness restaurant quality assurance system known as CHAMPS which is based on customer expectations of cleanliness, hospitality, accuracy, maintenance, product quality and speed of service. For instance McDonalds (times100 09) supremacy is withal built on the highest standards of quality, service and cleanliness deli vered to customers in each of its restaurants. hence well trained employees at Pizza Hut are the first steps to achieving these standards in every single restaurant.In addition to, CHAMPS philosophy, the company will issue Full service restaurant team member workbook to record on passing play progress and achievement during on going training at Pizza Hut by using specifically designed questions aimed at testing the following areas.Menu knowledge -i.e. leaning the toppings on BBQ deluxe pizzaSalad station setting temperature, shelf disembodied spirit of certain(p) goods when opened, how often certain items needs replenishing etcSystem cash discourse how to cater for customer needs i.e. changing toppings on the server till. Procedures for impact credit card and cash transactions especially since each members are responsible for cash shortages.Health and Safety handling hazardous substances, shrewd objects, eliminating obstruction in the restaurant floor. Operating machinery i.e. oven in a arctic manner and so on.Other fast food restaurants, McDonalds are in addition using similar approach to Pizza Hut, all their impertinently employees have an initial training period in which they are shown the basics and allowed to develop their skills to a level where they are competent in each area within the restaurant. Also similar to Pizza Hut strategy they will besides attend classroom-based training sessions where they will complete workbooks for quality, service and cleanliness. (Times100) pastime the induction, mentoring is carried out. In Pizza Hut employees go through a three hour on the job training and are partnered with a recognised expert trainer. Mentoring has been defined by Garvey (20088) as a process in which a person carries out a councillor and a jock to help stay them in the workplace by familiarising with its customs and processes. The focus is centred on the soulfulnesss and raises business awareness like hospitality service, reducing speed etc.Harrison 09170In addition to being charge to a mentor, on the job training helps new employees gain experience and retain more knowledge and experience regarding the companies key competency areas i.e. storing order details on the server till. Also the initial on the job training partner is flexible and more informal based to digest pressure and help encourage confidence in the new employees ability to perform. For the reason being 56% of learning training development masters intend on the job training of front line employees as an effective way to become accustomed to the workplace. (People management 0610 article)Lastly when the restaurant manager is satisfied with the progress, the employee will be assigned to an ongoing ain Host Training Workbook which is an educational material aimed to enhanced level of professional knowledge and broadening the restaurants awareness i.e. hospitality service in a fast moving milieu. The training workbook introduces the followin g vital aspects of key competences discourse skills importance of excellent communications skills for customer interaction as well with management and team membersInteracting with all types of customers, generating a face-to-face conversation with customers at the doorCommunications with former(a) team members and management to ensure stainless wait times are quoted and ensure effective table turnoverKeeping up to date with team room communications, awareness of CHAMPS and Customer ManiaKnowledge informing customers of deals that are appropriate i.e. family deals and also being able to describe whole menube able to manage queues using the restaurant utilisation toolsusing service recovery to customer issues at the door are effectively resolved or communicated to the replacement manageAttitudes/Behaviour Building rapport with customersCommunicating effectively to establish customer needsDemonstration passion when explaining meal dealsPrioritising effectively, getting most importa nt task done firstBeing proactive when problems on shifts are identified(Harrison 09163). (Internal Host training workbook 09)These are the key attributes restaurant managers look for in their employees, according to CIPD(09) survey indicate 79% employers value interpersonal and 74% regard communications skills as most important for recruitment. For that reason on going host training programme allows employees to master and develop these skills further i.e. product knowledge, experience in dealing with tall(prenominal) customer etc. Especially since this is vital for the hospitality environment.In addition, all front line employees are not limited in eye socket since everyone gets the opportunity to progress further to management level, since 75% trainee managers start out as team members indicating a successful transition. Employees are selected by demonstrating great potential such as outstanding exchange skills, commitment to CHAMPS plus recognition from oppo set support man agers, in order to be recommended for them to be selected management trainee programme. The management trainee program involves dedicated management training centers this involves taking part in various workshops on subjects ranging from business management to leadership. (Pizza Hut 09 website)From the information given we can see that Pizza Hut have adopted a foc apply approach to training and development, as training is an ongoing process in the organisation and is a requirement for the organisations endurance in a competitive and ever changing environment. The focused approach is also linked to various(prenominal) needs as well as the organisations. Pizza Huts approach to training and development is also competitive as it operates in a demanding market and needs to provide a service to its customers which equals or surpasses its competitors level of service. This could help the organisation to gain the upper-hand in its market, by providing outstanding customer service and hig h quality products.Pizza Huts organisation structure and cultureStructure and culture of Pizza Hut restaurant will have implications for Human resource development, since they are closely linked. HRD determines the effective fits in provision in the organisation. According to Handy (1985) recognised quartette following, organisational structure culture modelsThe Pyramid often viewed as a stereotypical large bureaucracy organisation, in which the overall decisions are managed from the top layer. Secondly, the layers harp of a defined hierarchy of functions where the communication is based upon rules and procedures i.e. banking and insurance, hospitals etc.The winnings matrix involves individuals and resources bought together simultaneously due to a project to certain standards and time constraints. Individuals are flexible skilled and expert in their field. thus far teams are disbanded when the project is completed. I.e. construction firms, large consultancies etc.The galaxy consists of independent, highly qualified who pursue their own professional and career interest within a supporting infrastructure of resources and administration. Plus there is limited ascendency of mechanism and management hierarchy i.e. lawyers, GP practices etc.The web and power these are known to exist in small entrepreneurial organisations and family businesses. Activities are relied on trust, empathy and personal communication. A group of people or senior individuals exercise power and influence. These organisations are highly competitive and survival is difficult due to stinting influence in which employee who handle pressure thrive.Pizza Hut structure and culture fits in with Handy C (1985) The web structure and power culture. As pizza huts decisions are mainly undertaken at the top of the organization i.e. the spot office instructs and gives feedback on the CHAMPS standard in the restaurant which directly reflects the front line employees service level, indicating the h ead office balance of power according to restaurant general manager (RGM) . In addition development is also related to training objectives, which benefit the business and the individual employees, for instance areas for improvement where staff can reduce the time for delivering meals to tables, interact with customers more often so that business CHAMP standards are satisfied and increase the customer repeat business in the process. Moreover the organisation moves very rapidly and change are dealt quickly i.e. new products in menu require employees to quickly adapt different techniques and learn promotions i.e. Christmas menus, learning to make smoothie drinks, using new coffee machine, preparing new desserts etc as soon as they are introduced. Secondly, the environment Pizza Hut operates is highly competitive i.e. Nandos, McDonalds etc as well being very sales based, because the head office sets weekly sales target, and if sales target are not met, this results reduction in working hours for front line employees (RGM 09). Therefore to ensure survival in the demanding market, employees rely on each other by working together to balance the workload i.e. communicating personally, building trust and delivering a service which will help increases customer atonement and reduce complaints, especially since the character of the environment is fast driven. So that Pizza Hut convert can retain customers to increase their revenue in long term and ensure survival in difficult economic times.Handy, C (1985)Added Value and Horizontal integratingAdded value is to add to the organisations capability to achieve its goals for example producing results that enable Pizza Hut hay to react well to challenges and threats i.e. competitors , it is also over and above the cost of the initial investiture of Leaning and development (LD) (Harrison, 2009359)In Pizza Hut Hayes, the CHAMPS quality assurance systems is the driving tools towards the operations standards into the restauran t and help deliver the business added value. This is because the head office implemented policies are centered to meet customers requirements hence the long term vision to be the most loved and trusted restaurant brand in the UK, This is achieved by employees being trained to maintain salad ostracize products to quality standards, contributing to restaurant maintenance, consistently delivering and correct orders. Whereas, Customer Mania and How we win together (HWWT) philosophy coexist with the CHAMPS system. These are the status and behaviors used for delivering basic standards by employees, in order to deliver, a positive attitude in a fast moving fast food environment. For example by demonstrating commitment and taking accountability for understanding customer needs, collaborating with other colleagues to deliver the smooth running of the restaurant. Otherwise service will wish consistency and business will not reach their strategic goals (Appendices 1 -USE PPD PRINTS)To measu re the consistency and effectiveness Pizza Hayes employees competences and overall restaurant service, head office will use a mystery obtain programme that collects information against customer expectations using the CHAMPS criteria. In which the results of the survey are fed back to restaurant. So that RGM can use the feedback and compare Hayes against other West London Pizza Hut branches and take undeniable actions to meet CHAMPS targets and add value by achieving its goals set by the.. (Management today article)Horizontally integrate Performance ManagementIn addition, value added is also linked to HR practices of Performance management of Pizza Hut Hayes, the business is horizontally integrated .For example CHAMPS, Customer Mania and HWWT measurings are integrated in all aspect of employee management and also identify what members of the restaurants are doing well and how they can improve to make sure the business succeeds. (Appendices) (Harrison 09323)ship canal in which th is is done byInduction all employees are do aware of performance requirements established in the framework i.e. Speed, Hospitality, Product quality etcJob related training the RGM will agree on the support required for the individual to achieve performance levels i.e. improve interaction with customers so they feel welcomed, taking additional responsibilities i.e. handling telephone orders for multi tasking, improving selling skills by up selling desserts and so on.Appraisal- feedback is given by the RGM on how employees perform to Pizza Hut CHAMPS and Customer Mania standards. Secondly both the RGM and employee agree on key targets to help improve development areas i.e. further opportunities for improvement.Personal development employees are consistently working towards the bosom competence framework, this helps employees expand performance i.e. speed of service, product quality, good hospitality service and creating good relations with customers and employee members. This hel ps the business and keeps employees committed and motivated.Recognition and rewards- all employees are recognised for their efforts for achieving CHAMPS standards, this because with mystery shopping programme individual employees are scored against the CHAMPS criterion and moreover RGM will use feedback from other senior members, and reward employees by giving them certificates, vouchers etc.Whereas customers have also traditionally rewarded employees by giving them tips for delivering excellent service in which the restaurant does not profit from. This is used as a personal motivation and incentive to follow the CHAMPS standards. This satisfies restaurant because customers will repeat business and employees will remain committed to the core competence framework.(Harrison 09162) (Appendices)Overall, the policies capable for performance management in the restaurant are identical to Rebecca Johnson (99) report where front line employees based in a hospitality industry i.e. hotels wer e given performance initiatives, such as being equipped take greater responsibilities similar to Customer Mania and CHAMPS competence and that feedback was measured through a tracking system, in order to determine whether employees performance is adding value to company and customers. This is because adding value helps Pizza Hut Hayes to be competitive and create loyal customer base and thus performance management is carried out for individuals every six months. (RGM)Vertical integrationVertical integration involves integration LD strategy with business strategy at corporate and business unit levels and aiding performance managements, LD at operational and individual levels (Harrison 09323). Since the focus of report is based on the operational level i.e. front line employees who are all provided with an expert workbook to record their progress and have individual targets. In which the head office, corporate level have adapted the policy of developing people capability. Moreover ca reer planning for individual has been quite significant since 1998, 75% employees are internally promoted to management level. For example employees are supported and developed to their full potential by using programmes such as the Expert training programme, as well as the Developing Champions training programme for all levels of restaurant. This also highlights the successful nature training and development being continuous in the operation sitePizza Hut PDF (07)RecommendationsThere are a number of recommendations which we have thought of that may benefit Pizza Hut. Firstly we considered most important was to offer internal promotions to staff, as this may help to reduce staff turnover on a whole. They should also have a more formal training program for their waiters to deal with the fast moving environment and they should also have team training exercises as it will help them perform better with a heavy workload. In addition they can improve further by asking customers what they want and what is important to them. We also recommend that there should be continuous development for the organisations strategic capabilities and the specific, personal capabilities of individuals and teams in order to add value.

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Good tear downing parents, teachers, honor guests and soon to be graduates. My name is Ed Burrower, Im the senior class president. A few weeks ago, I was told that I would be speaking at graduation. I was asked to put together a words for tonight -- Ive become experient at speech writing over the past couple of weeks. The speech that you are hearing is the fourth one Ive written, the recycle bin involve to be emptied at home and I need a novel highlighter. Thank you, Mr. Mier, you get an A+ for your help as my speech teacher but an F for saving trees.Tonight Id kindred to talk to trinity groups of people. Id like to talk to the teachers here at Batman High School, to the students leaving Batman and to the parents of those students here. If youre not a member of one of these groups, dont feel left out. Im truly sorry, I have a three to five minute time coif that has been placed on me by persons that I shall not name. First of all, Id like to talk to the parents of this class. I feel like I should talk with you commencement exercise because youve put up with us the longest. You should be commended for your dedication. Well never realize the keep down you gave up for us until were sitting where youre sitting and our children occupy our seats. Thank you for cosmos on that point for our severe times, more importantly our not so good times. Thank you for being there for us now and for being there for us later on, as we continue to need your loving stick up and wisdom.Now, Id like to address the teachers. If you were un entrusting to go the extra mile, many of us wouldnt have made it here tonight. Id like to thank those of you who gave that extra back up that so many of us have needed over the years. Youve tending(p) us tools, not just facts, not just ... ...mories, accomplishments and dreams. Is everyones toolbox the identical? No, but is everyones dream the same? No. Each of us is press release off in our own direction. Well need different tools for the different dreams we take up to pursue. I hope that makes sense to you. A point that needs to be made tonight is the besides one who can close your toolbox, the only one that can stop you from following whatever your dream, is you. There will always be room for more tools -- more memories, new experiences, grander accomplishments, and yes, charge bigger dreams.I will always look back with meat on everything that Ive learned here, but I look forward with even greater anticipation on the good things to come. Tonight, lets all take a moment and look forward. Forward to our dreams, not our of fear, but with confidence that someday they will be our reality. Thank you, all of you.

Theme Essay Young Goodman Brown :: Free Essay Writer

spring chicken Goodman chocolate-brown, by Nathaniel Hawthorne, delves into the classic battle between good and evil taking the protagonist, Goodman brownness, on a journey to test the resolve of his assurance. Goodman ventures out on his journey deep into the sinister forest, in order to repudiate the flack of the hellion to sway him from Christianity a test he believes his devout combine is disposed(p) to confront. Goodman Brown is forever altered in ways unpredict adapted by taking a stroll with the ultimate antagonist, the giant himself. The plethoric stem turn in this literary work, which is common in Hawthornes mediaeval writing, is the identification that evil can infect state who seem suddenly respectable. passim the course of his journey, Goodman Brown discovers that even highly reputable people of capital of Oregon are vulnerable to the forces of darkness. Goodman Brown embarks on his journey into the forest with the flaming belief that his potent dedic ation is indomitably ironclad, and thus will be able to overcome even the most tempting persuasions of the devil. As Goodman and the devil move sauntering along the serpentine path, they encounter Goodmans old catechism teacher, slightness Cloyse, and it is eventually revealed that she is heading to the satanic occult meeting at the center field of the forest. Goodman is absolutely confounded at the sight of her, as he had continuously considered Cloyse as a moral and spiritual guide in his life. kickshaw Cloyses appearance is the first moment where Goodman begins to question his faith. Browns illusions about the chastity of his fellowship are finally obliterated when he discovers that many of his baby buster townspeople, including religious leaders and his wife (aptly named Faith), are attending a unappeasable large number or witch-meeting. At the end of the story, it is not clear whether Browns screw was a nightmare or biting reality, but the results are yet the same. Brown is unable to forgive the possibility of evil in his love ones, and as a result spends the rest of his life in despairing devastation and gloom. At the beginning of his journey, Goodman Browns will and pridefulness were some(prenominal) embedded in the belief that he was a sanctimonious man. Goodmans pride in piety evidently fails him, as he discovers that his faith was based on the principles of individuals who had sworn allegiance to the devil. This deplorable right sunk his conviction, and in this sense the devil prevailed against Goodman Brown.Theme Essay Young Goodman Brown Free Essay Writer Young Goodman Brown, by Nathaniel Hawthorne, delves into the classic battle between good and evil taking the protagonist, Goodman Brown, on a journey to test the resolve of his faith. Goodman ventures out on his expedition deep into the sinister forest, in order to repudiate the attempt of the devil to sway him from Christianity a test he believes his devout faith is prepared to confront. Goodman Brown is forever altered in ways unforeseeable by taking a stroll with the ultimate antagonist, the devil himself. The prevailing theme in this literary work, which is common in Hawthornes gothic writing, is the realization that evil can infect people who seem perfectly respectable. Throughout the course of his journey, Goodman Brown discovers that even highly reputable people of Salem are vulnerable to the forces of darkness. Goodman Brown embarks on his journey into the forest with the fervent belief that his potent dedication is indomitably ironclad, and thus will be able to overcome even the most tempting persuasions of the devil. As Goodman and the devil continue sauntering along the serpentine path, they encounter Goodmans old catechism teacher, Goody Cloyse, and it is eventually revealed that she is heading to the satanic occult meeting at the core of the forest. Goodman is absolutely confounded at the sight of her, as he had always considered Cloyse as a moral and spiritual guide in his life. Goody Cloyses appearance is the first moment where Goodman begins to question his faith. Browns illusions about the purity of his society are finally obliterated when he discovers that many of his fellow townspeople, including religious leaders and his wife (aptly named Faith), are attending a Black Mass or witch-meeting. At the end of the story, it is not clear whether Browns experience was a nightmare or biting reality, but the results are nonetheless the same. Brown is unable to forgive the possibility of evil in his loved ones, and as a result spends the rest of his life in desperate loneliness and gloom. At the beginning of his journey, Goodman Browns will and pride were both embedded in the belief that he was a pious man. Goodmans pride in piety evidently fails him, as he discovers that his faith was based on the principles of individuals who had sworn allegiance to the devil. This deplorable truth destroyed his conviction, and in this s ense the devil prevailed against Goodman Brown.

Societal Structure of the Ottoman Empire :: World History

social Structure of the poof empire By the 16th century, the vast and mighty empire of the blows hadr to each unityed the zenith of its power. The lands under queer rule stretchedfrom the heart of Central europium to the deserts of Arabia. In nearly e realrespect, the Ottoman Empire was salutary and well-organized. As such, itcomes as no surprise that the people under Ottoman rule were organized ina neat power expression as well. From the royal grand Turk to the villagers inthe rayyah class, the people of the Empire each had a unique position inOttoman society. At the very top of the pyramidal societal structure was the Sultan,absolute commander of all, and executor of decisions concerning political sympathiesand pass on wealth (for the purposes of serving the states interests). Astep below the Sultan were a small group of wealthy, esteemed leaders, whowere ascribed special status because they were basically the Sultansslaves. The main duties of this select little group were to protect andenlarge the financial assets of the state for the benefit of the Sultanand the Empire. These leaders also ruled and defended the far-flungOttoman Empire. While the Sultan invested wealth and the leaders protected it, the absolute majority of commoners, the rayyahs, had the task of actually producing thewealth. The rayyahs had to pay part of their profits from industry,commerce, and farming to the state in the form of taxes. Townsfolk,villagers, and pastoral peoples made up the eclectic strut of the rayyahclass. The word rayyah literally translates into the protected flock ofthe Sultan. While Ottoman society was clearly divided into distinct social classes,these classes were neither closed(a) nor confining, meaning that with theproper attributes and luck, a man could raise his social status. Forexample, to be a member of the small ruling class below the Sultan, onehad to possess the following three qualities- deep-rooted patriotism and loyalty for the Empire an d the Sultan. -acceptance and practice of Islam, which was integrated into the Ottomanlifestyle. - knowledge and practice of the Ottoman Way, which consisted ofcomplex customs, behavior, and language.If a rayyah possessed these qualities, he had a chance of sightly one ofthe numbered leaders. On the other hand, if a leader appeared to be lack one or more of these qualities, he could just as well be removedfrom his position and sink to being a rayyah again. The cause forcebehind the Ottoman Empire was most definitely the trust of Islam. As aresult, religion became a foremost guiding ingredient in peoples lives.

Computer app :: essays research papers

A short course in windows 981.The physical components of a data processor system be referred to as its stiffware.2.A computers main circuit board is called its mother board.3.One byte of memory consists of eight bits.4. One kilobyte is compeer to 1,024 bytes.5.Some examples of mass storage devices are floppy dish antenna drives, hard disk drives, and CD-Rom drives.6.Of the various types of printers, the highest quality output is produced by a laser printer.7. neat computer components ho utilize outside the system social unit are called peripherals.8.True A bit can be represented by a 0 or a 1.9.False The contents of a computers ROM are lost when the power is moody off.10.True Floppy disk drives access data more easy than hard disk drives.11.False CD-ROM drive can be used for backup purposes.12.False Computer keyboards contain fewer keys than a standard typewriter.13.True Inexpensive laser printers are especially cracking at producing color output.15. The computers central processing unit- Processes program instructions- performs arithmetic and logical operations- Controls the other components of the computer16. Input device Keyboard17. One advantage of a floppy disk over a hard disk is that it can be used to transfer data between computers.18. Software is divided into two large-minded categories Application software and system software.19. the master control program that oversees the computers operations is called its run system.20. The generic name for the operating system used by virtually all IBM-Compatible computers before the advent of Windows 95 is DOS.21. Windows make use of a GUI, which stands for graphical user porthole.22. True Computer programs are also known as software.23. False some computer users find it easier to use a command line interface than a graphical user interface.

The Importance of Social Class Exposed in The Canterbury Tales Essay

Social class was the foundation of everyday life during the kernel Ages. Social class played a signifi shtupt role in the lives of medieval people. The aristocracy class and the immoral lower class were lots viewed by confederacy as practically different races. In The Canterbury Tales, Geoffrey Chaucer shows the vast variance among the classes in every aspect of their daily lives. The zeitgeist of the bosom Ages can be seen through his illustration of differences between classes in moral behavior, stinting power, the autonomy and education of women during the center of attention Ages. In todays society the differences in morals between the rich and the poorer classes are virtually non-existent, further during Medieval times morals and, above all, the virtues at its center, played an of the essence(p) role not only for distinguishing between good and bad, but, more importantly, all the same for the structuring of society (Virtus 1). The aristocracy class and the immoral p oor class had morals but how they demonstrated them varied the aristocratic class used valiancy as the basis of their morals, while the immoral poor class did not. valour was not only a code of conduct for those who followed it chivalry was a way of life. Chivalry first arose in Europe during the Crusades. Chivalry dealt with trueness honor, and service to women on and off the battle field (The Medieval completion 1066-1485 76). The Knight in The Canterbury Tales is the perfect example of someone who follows the code of chivalry. Chaucer describes him with oft admiration as a most distinguishable man, who from the day on which he first began to ride abroad had followed chivalry, truth, honor generousness and readiness (Chaucer, The Prologue. 117). While Chaucer praises the knight for ... ... the class system. Works CitedChaucer, Geoffrey. The Canterbury Tales. Trans. R. M. Lumiansky. New York Washington substantial Press, 1971. Print.Chaucer, Geoffrey. The Prologue. The Ca nterbury Tales. Trans. Nevill Coghill. Literature The British Tradition. Ed. Roger Babusci et al. Englewood Cliffs Prentice-Hall, 1994. 115-136. Print.The Medieval Period 1066-1485. Literature The British Tradition. Ed. Roger Babusci etal. Englewood Cliffs Prentice-Hall, 1994. 69-79. Print.The Middle Ages Feudal Life. Learner.org. Annenberg Foundation, 2012. Web. 11 Mar. 2012.Virtus Moral Limitations of the Political Sphere in the Middle Ages. Thesis. Bielefeld Universit. Silke Schwandt Bielefeld University. Print.Wheelock, Stephanie. Advanced English 12 Humanities. Eden Prairie High School. Eden Prairie. jar against 2012. Class discussion.