Tuesday, April 30, 2019

Europen Union Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Europen Union Law - Essay ExampleThis is subject to the teachings of equivalence and effectiveness, i.e. content procedural rules mustiness not discriminate against EC rightfulness rights and must afford full effectiveness to EC law rights. Where national rules of procedure respect these principles, EC law normally does not require some(prenominal) grumpy regime of procedural or adjectival law to exist in the member states. In particular, EC law does not normally create any remedies in its own right, leaving the law on remedies to national law. In these fields of law, the doctrine of success of participation law is well established. In end of conflict between alliance law and national law, the member states courts are obliged to respect the club law which to a large extent has direct effect in the member states and also in relations between private parties.appendage states courts might sometimes hesitate to set aside national law provisions regarded as important because t hey are contrary to Community law and they normally have intercourse their own national law better than Community law. Thus, there are problems not only of obstructor but also of ignorance. There has been and still is an ongoing struggle to capture the full application of Community law in the member states.. ... If the national court decides to make a reference to ECJ, proceedings are stayed in the national court until the ECJ gives its ruling. The Court has also assessed the legality of derogations to Community rules by reference to complete rights. In particular, the Court has applied article 10 of ECHR to a case in which a Member State justified a measure having equivalent effect to quantitative restrictions based on the have to secure protection of fundamental rights, such as media plurality2. The key factors that have helped in developing the Community legal system, are that the obligation in Community law to duly motivate any decision3, the principle of transparency to wh ich Community and domestic Administrations have to comply with, individuals right to have their legal positions fully and efficaciously protected4 and the principle of the liability of a Member State for breach of Community law5. The judgments of the Court, in this aspect, have contend a fundamental role in trying to build an even playing field to secure a minimum standard of substantive judicial protection of Community rights. The Court has asserted a founding principle of the EC legal system that national judicial remedies must be adequate, and any impediment to Community rights being enforced effectively should be removed in the name of the supremacy of Community law6. In 1976, the Court had insisted that an essential element of the Communitys constitutional order was the freedom of Member States to utilise their Community obligations according to their individual traditions of public law and civil and criminal justice7. The only conditions set low by the Court of Justice wer e equal treatment and effectiveness. National courts and administrations were prohibited from making it more

Monday, April 29, 2019

Chapter 3 of Bhagavad Gita and Purusha Sukta Essay

Chapter 3 of Bhagavad Gita and Purusha Sukta - try on ExampleThe Way of Action shows the state of mind of Arjuna in dealing with the dilemma of choosing between accomplishing his duties as a warrior to fight his own people and his love for his relatives. He seeks the answer to his problems with Lord Krishna, questioning Him wherefore one should engage himself in an action which will cause so much chaos to tender-hearted lives. In the end, Lord Krishna let Arjuna understand about the duties of each one-on-one to his own self, to his family and to the society (Schweig 57-58). An individual cannot achieve freedom from action without entering upon action. He cannot reach perfection as well by just renouncing a certain action. Everyone is driven to action instinctively and so he essential fulfill his duties for action is better to inaction. These various levels of duties of man comprise the essence of Karma Yoga. Karma, or action, aims that a person should coin a stage where any ac tion is not bound by believe for results (Varma). With this, one must not control the indrivas by will instead remain unattached to the results in order to arrange selfless action. By doing work without attachment, a man attains supreme bliss. For example, the Karma followed by the head of the household in different levels of society is that he is a husband to his wife, a father to his children, and also a stamp to many employees working with him, all at the same time (Varma). Yagya or sacrifice is another reputation of the third chapter of Bhagavad Gita. Lord Krishna teachers Arjuna that mankind will prosper only when he learns how to give. Man is bound by the actions that he performs unless he does them as a sacrifice (Schweig 59-60). For instance, Lord Krishna by virtue of his holiness has no duty to perform but he chooses to work so that man can achieve a level of spirituality by following his examples. In one of the verses, Arjuna asks Lord Krishna how man commits sin, to w hich Lord Krishna answers that it is because of desire, for desire lives in the senses, mind and intellect. For a man to attain knowledge, he must control his senses with his mind through with(predicate) his intellect so that desire can be overcome and therefore attain knowledge. Thus, a worldly man is self-centered while a man enlightened with Karma Yogi has overcome self-centeredness and strives to work for the well-being of all (Varma). The essence of the teachings of Lord Krishna and his universal form as exemplified in Bhagavad Gita closely resembles to that of the Purusha Sukta. Like Bhrama in the Upanishads, Lord Krishna was identified in Gita with eternity so that his intransience can be attributed in his divine billet as the regulator of human society. According to Bandyopadhyaya (91), the ideological objective was the same as that of the Purusha Sukta and Advaita philosophy, namely to rationalize, legitimize and sanctify the prevailing class-caste in the face of the dev eloping contradictions within that structure. Lansdowne (15) defines Purusha Sukta as

Sunday, April 28, 2019

Planning and Implementation of Information Technology in Civilian and Essay

Planning and Implementation of Information engineering science in Civilian and Military Organizations - Essay ExampleIn fact, at the present on that point is genuinely complex and dangerous environment for security and privacy. In this scenario, there is critical contend for applying more curb security and privacy focussing technology based solutions. However, for implementation of such solutions there is need for good planning and management of overall development. These days extremely complex field of study security situation is winning the Forces toward new, frequently non-traditional armament missions, anti-terrorism actions, regional threats, homeland defense and counter-drug operations those are among a lot of disputes we ca implement every day. In this critical situation, a powerful and flexible force is a necessary component of every national security plan. In addition, in inn to convene nations worldwide commitments in this demanding twenty-first Century setting , all types of the national Forces have be an expeditionary force (Price, 2011 Turban, Leidner, McLean, & Wetherbe, 2005). As discussed above there are critical changes happening in the worldwide environment, as a result there is need for much better and impelling planning and management of new technology based solutions in order to circumstances with such kinds of operation and situation. In this scenario there is need for managing security and privacy of data transfers and selective information movements. These all processes need to be well planned and managed in order to better manage the national security and privacy (i.e. military operations and systems). On the other hand, in the business world, smart and roaring businesses are those that are successful and quick enough in making effective use of information technology with co-evolution in unified limits corresponding to, social and economic transformations, technological progresses, and changes in ideas of processes, ass ociation procedure, license and management techniques, training and education of people. Thus, these business corporations attain control over their ecosystems by establishing and making use of latest information technologies (Martzoukos & Haramis, 2009 Hughes & Cotterell, 2005). However, in both cases in business and national security or military point of view the security and privacy management of overall situation is the basic need of all(prenominal) entity. The business and military both need effective security and privacy that can be reach through the effective implementation of technology based solutions. In other words, this can be do through the application of new and innovative technology solution and it needs effective planning and management guidelines. Thus, with effective planning we can be able to get a better solution that leave passing play us an opportunity to effectively manage the business and national security (military operations). These solutions will off er the forces more power to fight against the national issues and problems. On the other hand, businesses will be able to deal with hacking and virus related issues (Martzoukos & Haramis, 2009 Hughes & Cotterell, 2005). In this scenario, we can say that we completely agree with the statement that application of effective planning for and implementation of information technology in civilian and military organizations require essentially similar

Saturday, April 27, 2019

Predatory Lending Practices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Predatory Lending Practices - Essay ExampleWhen lenders began go loans to deprived borrowers with low or bad credit standing, sub-prime loans were priced prouder to compensate for the risk. Regardless of the a clients personalized credit history, these finance companies offer the chance and allowance of refinancing or new mortgage that overwhelms he borrower with high fees and expensive often unhelpful terms. Minority borrowers composed of hard working people and low-wealth are the rough-cut of consumers availing this type of loan to obtain financing. Availability of fair credit terms should be a major(ip) priority for responsible lenders as people no matter what the noted deficiencies are members of a polish society with moral rights to uphold regardless of condition of credit orientation. However, seemingly cognizant of the needs of this minority sector, financing institutions have blossomed giving effect to what has been observed as a tragic loophole in federal official rese rves that charges people with exorbitant interests and penalties.When the growth in loveliness lending has created risk management practices in response to financial institutions with equity lending programs, financial institutions credit risk management practices for home equity lending have not kept pace with the products rapid growth and easing of underwriting standards. We have seen legion(predicate) fore-closures on home properties in the past years that would at long last reflect in an economic meltdown. advertize studies revealed predatory practices of lending institutions as the culprit in this scenario that charged exorbitant and often unnecessary fees and interests into the crude amounts that may no longer be viable for a medium to low wage earning homeowner.How tin can management eliminate the negative symptoms How can management fully capitalize on an opportunity try Management standards would create a favorable scenario over the increased lending with favorable tax treatments that may allow home equity loans and lines attractive to its consumers that offers a modest repayment schemes and relaxed structures that was currently devoid in its system. Institutions should capitalize on the rise on home values coupled with lower interest range that make a product more attractive yet attainable and helpful to its user.The identification of legitimate risk factors in the system of practices in a financial lending institutions helps to identify the culprits that serves to practice certain(a) features that offer an interest-only amortization that requires no principal amount applied. Documentation or its absence provides no get on for evaluative measures and appraisals within the healthy structure. Risk management systems call for lending measures conducted in a unspoiled and sound manner pursued with adequate allowances for loan losses and appropriate capital levels without negating sound practices in the accepted lending policies. Management p rinciples actively assess the changes in the consumers ability to pay and the potential sort out of a home value and entertain this scenario without generating allowances that charge exorbitant fees disabling the capacity of the borrower from paying his dues and eventually leading to the

Friday, April 26, 2019

The Music of Bollywood Films Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

The Music of Bollywood Films - Assignment ExampleThe Indian cinema is not a recent production, but it has got a long, and I must say successful tarradiddle and the credit mainly also goes to the Bollywood heroines also, forthe Bollywood heroines, starting from early 60 to the present, like from Devika Rani to Kareena Kapoor, Nadia to Ashweria Rai, all of them pass on been the dream girls of the Bollywood, and have played some certain arche fonts.Archetypes basically mean a very common Example of a certain thing or a person. The most common archetypes of the Bollywood whitethorn implicate The Tragedy Queen, who was invariably sad though out the film, and was singing heart touching songs, or may be working as a maid in the beginning of the film, but being the princess at the end. This just always reminds me the Cinderella story. Meena Kumari, Raakhi and Preety Zinta for of the latest actresses present a very good example of the tragedy queen. The rouse Kitten is another archetype of Bollywood, in which Zeenat, Mumtaz and Sharmila for the old actresses and Ashweria, Katrina Kaif, Bipasha Basu, and Malika Shirawath are natural sex appeals to take the appellation of the sex kittens. There was another category of heroines, who always go out to prove that the girls are always better than the boys, they were described as Tomboys. In this kind of role, Kajol has played an unforgettable role in Kuch Kuch Hota Hai, and Kareena Kapoor in Jab We Met.Stereotypes mean a widely used and oversimplified idea about a specific type of person or a thing. As far as I analyze, the Bollywood stereotypes basically include the faith specially Christianity, about Muslims, Hinduism itself and Sikhism also. After religion, the thing they most importantly include is the Region, for most of them are produced at places outside India. And according to another trend, they produce movies based on Ghosts also, which they call Bhoot. They are sometimes shame and

Thursday, April 25, 2019

Consultation and Collaboration Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Consultation and collaborationism - Research Paper ExampleCollaboration is essentials when ensuring that all students, including those with special needs, are included in the general classroom appropriately. The teachers and their counselor collaborators must alike be aware of what the best approach to the use of collaboration to the benefit of the students is. Owing to the fact that teachers usually do not possess qualifications that are necessary in the provision of the best possible pedagogics to all students, using a counseling undecomposed aids in the creation of appropriate environments for learning. fleck collaborative point of reference happens away from the general classroom, whereby the counselor provides information to the teacher in the general classroom, it flush toilet also occur where a counselor consults many teachers in more than one classroom finished offering help to students without being present during all littleons in the general classroom (Coleman & Y eh, 2008). The most favorite form of consultation today in schools is the collaborative process model, while the expertise-driven model is a less popular method. In this collaborative consultation, the counselor works with the teachers in the school as a helper or as a co-expert (Kampwirth & Powers, 2012). This is different from the expertise-driven model of consultation that has the counselor as the only expert for the topic. Collaborative consultation is master(prenominal)ly focused on the building of rapport, finding solution to enigmas, as fountainhead as building the qualification for systemic-organizations, groups, or individuals to benefit the identified population of clients or single clients (Kampwirth & Powers, 2012). instruct counselors who use collaborative consultation processes can involve teachers and school principals as co-experts during the identification of contributing factors and the times of solutions to issues concerning absenteeism of students (Kampwir th & Powers, 2012). The school counselor in the expertise-driven model undertakes the whole process alone in order to teach the best possible solution, which they then provide to the schoolteacher. School counselors are influenced in choosing the correct method of consultation based on various theoretical paradigms that govern the counselors and teachers point of view (Brigman, 2009). There is varied support for the fashion model of consultation with particular model premises being easy tested done the use of linear and empirical means than others. For this reason, it is essential for counselors in the school circumstance to investigate the framework that is supportive of their practice in effect. With regards to the developed frameworks for consultation, there are three main frameworks, which include behavioral-eclectic consultation, mental health consultation, and systemic-organizational consultation. The framework for mental health consultation focuses mainly on capacity bu ilding with regards to individual counselors so as to help them work vigorous with their clients, issues that concern their clients, as well as the organizational context (Brigman, 2009). The behavioral-eclectic model of consultation has its main focus on the alteration of problem behaviors that are clearly articulated and engaged in by the clients whom the teachers have already identified. The process through which clients are involved in behavior change has the ability to improve individual counselor capacities. The framework of systemic-organiza

Wednesday, April 24, 2019

Citi group Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Citi group - Research Paper manikinThe project also makes a cost and benefit analysis to identify the most suitable coering of strategies. Lastly it recommends suitable ways of application of the strategies to produce desired results.This project tries to identify the present problems confronting whizz of the leading financial service providers in the world, the Citigroup. The company originated in New York and is based all over the world. The period of financial crisis followed by the economic downturn had serious consequences for the company and its stakeholders. It led to the creation of a number of problems for the organization. The project tries to identify those problems. Identification of problems has been supported by provision of data using lowly research. Each problem has been presented explicitly along with data and examples. The project tries to understand the root of these problems and designs suitable strategies to form them. It also makes a cost and benefit analys is to priorities the list of solutions. Lastly it tries to present the ways in which the companys mission can be achieved using the strategies.Citi is the leading company in the case of financial services in the global market. The company is based in New York. The company originated from the unify of two banking giants, namely Citicorp and Travelers Group. It is known for having the most efficient and largest financial services network across the globe. Its military control is spread across 140 countries and its customer base goes up to 200 million. The company provides a round-eyed range of products and services to customers, institutions, corporations and the government. Its services include banking and credit, corporate and investment banking, securities brokerage, transaction services and wealth counseling (Citi-a, Our Brands). The company considers providing advisory solutions to clients is of paramount importance. It never fails to reinforce this commitment in every

Tuesday, April 23, 2019

Management accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 15

Management accounting - Essay ExampleOn the basis of this,the budget storage parcelling needs require to be constantly updated (Govindarajan& Shank, 1992).This report will discuss the descriptive and reflective prerequisite of the formal budgeting process. This has become a necessity of the business because of the increasing volatility. The budgets need to be allocated accordingly so that the benefits can be acquired. The businesses irrespective of their sizes require maintaining their budgets appropriately. With the budgeting processes,the businesses control and determine the tools through which the profits and the bonuses can be allocated within the business. The objective of budget allocation is that the companies can ensure that the financial stability is maintained and with this it in addition prevents the budgets from becoming negative.In the large businesses,the budgeting process has the highest priority. On the basis of this,the organizations manage their operations. The strategic managers set the goals and on the basis of finance available they allocate the budgets of accomplishing the required tasks. Once the budget is authorise it becomes a alley map and on the basis of this the future development is planned and structured. The budget development requires that the strategy which is approved by the strategic managers is delivered to the workforce and that they understand what the organization wants from them. The most essential use of the plan is allocation of resources and keeping the workforce prep atomic number 18d against the opportunities and barriers.The budgeting process can be divided into two subcategories. Theseare the traditional and zilch based budgets. In the traditional budgets,the analysis is done on the basis of historical modifications and projections. All these are established on the basis of inflation and the growth rate. In the zero based budget a completely new budget is created, and all the capital is raised separately.

Monday, April 22, 2019

Critical Analysis of the Departments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

unfavorable Analysis of the Departments - Essay ExampleIt is a general and accepted notion in financial market place that propriety work is much riskier than non-propriety trading as it results in more volatile trading. Financial analyst believes that firms and investment banks usually leave the financial market in ambiguity when it comes to their quantum of propriety trading and non-propriety trading. TPG believes that it has militant advantage over other players in the market that is way it has its major investment in propriety trading. Certain percentage of tax income, just comparatively lower, is generated from non-propriety trading which is also referred to as the flow trading. In financial terms, the flow trading is conducted by the firm on behalf of the client funds and the firms revenue is the commission earned on this trading. The social club has been focusing on its flow trading business as well as it is likely to generate more client information which thus supports propriety trading eventually. The trading surgical incision of TPG works in close collaboration with Quantitative Analysis and Sales department which provides the relevant logistic support to the trading department. ... In addition to that, the department is also actively touch in the pricing of derivatives and hedging. This function involves an intricate software development and thus the expertise of the IT department is eer required to be at the disposal of the Quantitative Analytics department. The derivative pricing involves advanced numerical techniques and stochastic calculus. The department is also actively involved in risk management which involves both systematic and non-systematic risk. The exhibit usually involves a great deal of time series analysis and back testing. Last but not the least the department also evaluates the credit analysis. Credit analysis basically involves assessing how much the union is levered which in financial terms would interpret as the debt equity ratio of the company. When the debt to equity ratio of the company exceeds a certain percentage, then the department proactively informs the higher management of the company about the situation and terrific them to reduce the leverage of the company. Most importantly, the department works for the development of the trading strategy of the firm. Sales The gross sales department is another crucial department when it comes to the business strategy of the company. The sales department is responsible for come near the client and maintaining their information. This department acts as the back bone of the organization and is responsible for setting up the web-site through and through which the trading with the corporate and non-corporate clients is conducted. This department will require a considerable number of highly apt and dedicated staff who is able to understand the technical need

The History of Toyota Corporation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The History of Toyota locoweed - Essay ExampleAccordingly, the reporters averred that refuge analysts found an estimated 2000 cases in which owners of Toyota cars including Camry, Prius, and Lexus, reported that their cars surged without warning up to speeds of 100 miles per minute (Ross, et.al., 2009, par. 2). As a result, there have been congressional hearings scheduled to investigate the complaints and the cases focusing on the safety problems posed by Toyota cars in the US. In this regard, this essay aims to evaluate whether or not Toyota was treated pretty in those hearings. When evaluating the congressional hearings, there are diverse sides that must be considered, to wit Toyotas explanation, The issue Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), testimonies from safety research institutes and other automotive authorities, the victims of the runaway cars, and the public. Toyotas defense through James Lentz, president, and COO of Toyota US revealed in his testimony that n o problems exist with the galvanic throttle control system in our vehicles. Rather, floor mats and sticky accelerators are to blame (Farber, 2010, par. 7). Two testimonies, however, blame the accidents on the electrical malfunction with testimonial reports and personal testing and analysis. The side of the NHTSA is being criticized due to prior agency investigators subsequently being employed by Toyota. Any investigation on the sudden acceleration accidents could have been influenced and biased due to connections with Toyota. However, the hearings found no violation for these two employees (Schone & Rhee, 2010, 3). The victims have filed legal cases against Toyota for having free burning injuries with deaths to family members. Also at risk are the public who could be victims of these kinds of car accidents.

Sunday, April 21, 2019

Societal Changes Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Societal Changes - Assignment ExampleWe just bang we do non want any part of it. Introduction The issue of stereotyping, which too leads to a form of racism, can be seen in both the population and within the police force and the type of interactions that occur. When looking for someone to deuced for why certain crimes happen, it is balmy to think automatically that if someone thinks, looks and acts within a narrow visual framework, then it is easy to blame that person and that group of masses (Bradshaw & Roseborough, 2005). The issue of Muslims has a tender spy in the minds of many Americans who see all Muslims as perpetrators of bombings and terrorism in the country. Whenever something happens in the country, muckle automatically assume it was done by a Middle Eastern Muslim terrorist. As we have also seen, the bomber can also be a Western Muslim terrorist, such as in the case of the Shoe Bomber in 2001 (Elliot, 2002). 1.With the recent bombing of the Boston Marathon, and the near-beheading and death of a British soldier on a London street, tensions have been running high with the public, particularly in England. thither have been numerous protests, and police, both in England and in the United States, have been told to look for groups of people, who might cave in crimes against Muslims directly, or on or around property knowledgeed by Muslims. It is very hard for people to understand that when one, or a few, members of a group have committed a crime against some others, it does non mean that all people of that group will be doing that same sort of crime (Gabbidon & Greene, 2013). When people look for the enemy, the only thing they have to go on is what the enemy would typically look like. In a war, one side knows that a certain uniform represents the enemy, and that there may be other physical identifications, such as an Asian appearance, for wars conducted in World War II and Vietnam. In a more modern day, and in modern warf be conducted today, appearances are far more deceiving and it is hard to know who the enemy is. Some have dressed up in Western army uniforms and then dour guns on unsuspecting Western soldiers. Even seeing women with burkas and, especially with full face veils, promotes the concept of concealing something that makes identification possible (Moore, 2010). Therefore, those who hide behind veils, or ski masks, are potentially considered an enemy. It would be easy to suspect that some other person may be under that burka and veil excessively a normal Muslim woman. While in Muslim countries, veils are rarely given a second thought, in Western countries, it is important for Muslim people to respect parts of the society they are now living in, and to let women remove the veil so it is not so threatening. Integration with their spic-and-span society is essential to their success. Living as if they were still in their own land and observing their own rules without regard to the new country, is not accepta ble (Moore, 2010). 2. There are several solutions to the issue of racial profiling. A) In the first case, Muslims can take matters into their own hands by meeting law enforcement members of their community and getting to know the neighborhood police who conduct regular beats in the area (Bradshaw & Roseborough, 2005). Making friends, or at least, acquaintances, allows the police to 1) know who they are individually 2) establish

Saturday, April 20, 2019

Measuring the electrical resistivity of a wire Lab Report

Measuring the electrical resistivity of a wire - Lab Report ExampleFor a piece of the conductor, its resistance is determined victimisation the spare-time activity relationshipWhere, L is the length of the wire where the voltage is calculated, and A is the area of the cross-section of the wire. underground is measured in ohm-meters (m). The cross sectional area can be determined using the following formula.Conductivity specifies the electrical character of the conductor in terms of its capability in conducting current. Conductivity is measured in units of ohm-meters (m-1). Most metals are very good electricity conductors (Bird, 2013).Validity is the process of determining whether or non the obtained data is correct and the degree of its validity (Holm, 2013). The process is done by obtaining the percentage errors in the readings reflecting the data accuracy.Percentage error In every experiment, error are meant to occur due to standard accuracies (Mathsisfun.com, 2012). In our experiment, we used the meter ruler where reading were made by eye reflectivity. Direct observation can give different records due to different angles of view. The voltmeter and the ammeter also give wrong readings if they are not correctly calibrated.The next time we perform an experiment on the resistance of the conductor, we would first conduct explore on the various factors affecting the resistance of the conductor in use and choose the most trenchant one.The experiment was performed by regulating the voltage on the circuit. Due to this regulations, the current flowing through the cast-iron conductor also changed. The reading of the different voltages were recorded and the corresponding current. Resistance was determined from the obtained recordings of the voltages and current.In the graphs obtained by plotting resistance against the length, it can be seen clearly how the length is proportionally related to the resistance. As the length increases so do the resistance. It cle arly shows that our graph obeys Ohms law since the line passes

Friday, April 19, 2019

Question of risk assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Question of risk assessment - Essay ExampleIn case of an accident, in that location are possibilities of planning errors, fund errors, and execution errors in the management field. For example, if the employees of an organization went on strike demanding unwrap remuneration and working conditions. The planning error can occur in this case where the management uses a wrong approach to the problem hence accelerating the problem. This can happen where the managements plans to fire the striking workers instead of addressing their grievances. The storage error that can happen in this scenario may involve how the management will try to take up the strike. Where the management decides to ignore the demands of the striking employees this amounts to a storage error. An execution error in this case may involve how the management makes the ultimate address to the strike. Where the management fires the striking employees, this will jeopardize the operations and mathematical process of the organization. All these errors question the reliability of the systematic procedures adopted by the management as stipulated under the sagacious

Thursday, April 18, 2019

Road and bridge construction design Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

bridle-path and bridge construction material body - Assignment ExampleInventions are not magical, but took time to school once they originated from human beings minds. This g overns the quest to defining what engineering is, it is the work on through which abstract ideas are sour into systems or products (physical representations). Engineers apply their creativity in the production of systems and products to satisfy human wants and this distinguishes them from sculptors, painters, or poets. This kind of fanciful act is referred to as a traffic patterning. Engineering contrive Majority of engineering designs are listed as systems or invention-devices created by human hard work, or improvements made in already existing systems or devices. Designs or inventions do not just emerge from nowhere, but are a product of bringing technologies unneurotic to provide for human necessities. A design can also arise from someone trying to efficiently and quickly accomplish a task. Designi ng needs a step-by-step procedure and takes place over a period of time (Vanderwarker, 2001). Engineers are primarily known as problem solvers. A design has a remarkably different nature of both the problem and solution because they are open- ended unlike other problem result methods. This means that a design has more than one solution of correcting a problem which contains specified properties. In contrast to analysis problems, design problems are vaguely defined. Take an recitation of where one is asked to calculate the height of wall given the initial velocity of a snowball to be zero. The problem has one answer thus an analysis. Once the problem is changed to designing a device to engross 2-pound snowball to a height of 180 feet, it automatically becomes a design problem. In that it is open-ended and has many an(prenominal) possible instruments that can be launched to determine the height of the snowball. An iterative procedure is outlined in solving design problems. This i s because the solution to a design problem changes from time to time and continuous refining of the design becomes a norm. During the implementation of a design problem, too expensive or unsafe solutions are developed. When much(prenominal) is the case the designer goes back to the drawing board until the proper solution is met. An outstanding example is that of the Wright brothers who experimented a lot of design before attempting the powered flight. From his illustration, it is evident that design activity is a cyclic process objet dart the analysis problem is sequential. To come up with a good solution to a design problem, it requires a well outlined procedure. This package, therefore, presents a diverse approach of a methodology referred to as the five-step problem-solving method. The mentioned methodology relates with the design process and can be adapted to solving a particular problem (Vanderwarker, 2001). The design process It consists of five crucial steps that must be a chieved in designing the process. The process requires iteration and backtracking because design problems are usually vague. The design process is contingent it requires changes as it develops and the solutions are based on unlooked-for complications. The five steps are illustrated below 1. Defining the problem 2. Gathering pertinent information 3. Generating quadruplicate answers/ solutions 4. Analyzing and selecting a solution 5. Testing and implementing the solution Problem definition normally has a listing of the client requirements and those of the

Wednesday, April 17, 2019

Summarize dialouge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

add dialouge - Essay ExampleThe possible reasons for dramatizing one part and summarizing the next one for Shah might have been to prepare a strong emotional feeling or sense of attachment and curiosity for the ref in the first part and then in the very next part summarizing the dialogue to neutralize the horny feelings immediately by not quoting the dialogue directly but creating a distance between ratifier and happening by indirectly communicating.I strongly appreciate Shahs choice as she has been smartly successful in keeping the reader engaged in the whole dialogue. It also helped in wretched the story forward a good dialogue helps the story to move forward (Kempton, 2004). If this order were change by reversal it would not create as effective result as it created in this order. Shah very wisely created feelings for reader first by dramatizing the dialogue and then readily neutralizing the whole scene by switching to another(prenominal)

Tuesday, April 16, 2019

The Heabas Corpus and Its Evolution Essay Example for Free

The Heabas star and Its Evolution EssayAn ancient law writ which detains aliens of war in a cargo deck set by the Supreme begs expanded jurisdiction leaves those without knowledge of the Habeas head Act content to understand what the act entitles, its originality, and the evolution.The word habeas principal in the Latin language means you have the dust, which represents an important right granted to individuals in America (Kelly, M.). This is a judicial mandate requiring that a captive be brought before the court to determine whether the government has the right to continue detaining them in a detention facility (Kelly, M. ). The person or persons being held can petition the court for a writ of habeas head teacher if he or she objects to the imprisonment. The petition must explain to the court the imprisonment order is an order of outlawed imprisonment. The right of habeas school principal is the constitution on the wholey bestowed right of a person to present evidence before a court that he or she has been wrongfully accused (Kelly, M.).The right of writs of habeas corpus are granted in Article I, Section 9, clause 2 of the Constitution, which states, The Privilege of the judicial writ of Habeas Corpus shall non be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it.(The get together States Constitution, 2004)The establishment of the habeas corpus is not certainly clear, but it seems to date back to Magna Carta in 1215 (Robertson, J.D.). According to Robertson, its principle effect was achieved in the Middle Ages by various wits, of which gave similar effect as the modern writ (Robertson, J.D.). The habeas corpus was in the beginning established as a prerogative writ of the King and his courts, now as time passes, the habeas corpus has evolved into a writ petiti iodined by a person imprisoned acting in his or her stimulate interest (Robertson, J.D.). later on reading the article by Robertson it was made clear, during Magna Carta time, habeas corpus was referenced to the law of the place down(Robertson, J.D.). With the exact quote No free man shall be taken or imprisoned of disseized or exiled or in each way destroyed except by the lawful judgment of their peers or by the law of the land (Robertson, J.D.).Shortly by and by the start of the American War President Abraham capital of Nebraska ordered the suspension of the constitutionally protected right to writs of habeas corpus in 1861(Langley, R.). The reason being was the becharm of John Merryman by the Union troops, but the Chief of Justice of the Supreme Court Roger B. Taney decline capital of Nebraskas order and issued a writ of habeas corpus with orders for the U.S. Military to bring Merryman before the Supreme Court (Langley, R.). The Chief Justice Taney declared capital of Nebraskas suspension of the habeas corpus unconstitutional, after Lincoln and the multitude refuse to abide by the order of the Chief Justice (Langle y, R.). On September 24, 1862, President Lincoln issued a proclamation suspending the right to writs of habeas corpus nationwide (Langley, R.). Which statesWhereas, it has become necessary to call into service not only volunteers but also portions of the militia of the States by draft in order to suppress the confusion existing in the United States, and disloyal persons are not adequately restrained by the common processes of law from hindering this measure and from giving aid and encourage in various ways to the disorderNow, therefore, be it ordered, first, that during the existing insurrection and as a necessary measure for suppressing the same, all Rebels and Insurgents, their aiders and abettors within the United States, and all persons discouraging volunteer enlistments, resisting militia drafts, or guilty of either disloyal practice, affording aid and comfort to Rebels against the authority of United States, shall be subject to martial law and liable to trial and punishme nt by Courts Martial or Military CommissionSecond. That the Writ of Habeas Corpus is suspended in respect to all persons arrested, or who are now, or hereafter during the rebellion shall be, imprisoned in any fort, camp, arsenal, military prison, or other place of confinement by any military authority of by the sentence of any Court Martial or Military Commission.(Langley, R.)As time moves forward to the year of 2006, President supply signed a law suspending the right of habeas corpus to persons deemed by the United States to be enemy battler in the Global War on Terror (Langley, R.). This action caused a lot of confusion and censure because the law did not specify who in the United States would be considered an enemy combatant (Langley, R.). With this action by the Bush administration, the terrorists and other combatants are not covered by the Geneva Conventions due the fact these flock are not soldiers and not covered by the U.S. Bill of Rights because they are not considered citizens (Langley, R.).In 2008, after the Boumediene v. Bush, a case which was held in the Supreme Court in regards to five young men were pose in a detention facility in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba in 2002, the Supreme Court ruled that any enemy combatants held in the U.S. territory are entitled to the writ of Habeas Corpus as stated in the United States Constitution, Article 1, Section 9 (Newman, Gerald L.).The evolution of the Habeas Corpus Act was and is intention of ones civil rights and liberties. In violation of this act of detaining a person for unjustifiable cause is stripping this person of their liberties, but as time go by there will be more debates to justify this act. As for now, the Habeas Corpus Act is in effect and is very well understood. It can be well said, any one person detained, can well be heard in the case of an unlawful act by the detainee.ReferencesKelly, Martin Definition of Habeas CorpusRetrieved from americanhistory.about.comThe United States Constitution (20 04, September)Retrieved from www.house.gov/house/constitution/Constitution.html HabeasCorpus the Most Extraordinary WritRetrieved from www.habeascorpus.net/hcwrit.htmlLangley, Robert Lincoln Issues Proclamation Suspending the Habeas Corpus Rights Retrieved from www.usgovinfo.about.com/od/historic/documents/a/Lincolnhabeas.html Newman, Gerald L. The Habeas Corpus Suspension Clause After Boumediene V. Bush Retrieved from http //web.ebscohost.com

Monday, April 15, 2019

Economic Growth in Nigeria Essay Example for Free

economical Growth in Nigeria EssayThe agriculture sector was the focus of intense development interest during the 1990s, with food self-sufficiency the goal. In 1990, agriculture was the subject of a separate three-year development plan involving public and confidential spending targets concentrating on the family farmer. The programincluded price stabilization plans and schemes to revitalize the palm oil, cocoa, and rubber subsectors. The untaught growth Projects continued through the decade, but implementation of goals was difficult. The country still imports most of its wheat from the linked States. An integrated petrochemical industry was also a priority. Using the output of the nations refineries, Nigeria produced benzene, carbon black, and polypropylene. The development of liquid rude(a) gas facilities was expected to lead to the production of methanol, fertilizer, and domestic gas. Nigerias refineries operated at less than optimal rates end-to-end the 1990s.In the manufacturing sector, the government was backing a policy of local sourcing whereby locally produced raw materials were converted into immaculate products. By 1999, manufacturing accounted for less than 1% of gross domestic product (GDP).By the beginning of the 2000s, the government was much concerned about halting corruption and reigning in the state budget than economic development. Nevertheless, the Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC) was created to coordinate economic and social development in the oil-producing region.Nigerias foreign debt stood at around $28.5 zillion in 2001, a large portion of which was interest and payment arrears. The Obasanjo administration in the early 2000s was documentation private-sector-led, market-oriented economic growth, and had begun economic reform programs. Privatization of state-owned enterprises continued. A Stand-By Arrangement with the International Monetary Fund (IMF), approved in 2000, lapsed in 2001 as the governments economic r eform program went off track. There were indications a hot IMF program for the country would be negotiated in 200304.Read more http//www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Nigeria-ECONOMIC-DEVELOPMENT.htmlixzz2HUrqN4ZB

Audience Analysis and Reception Essay Example for Free

Audience synopsis and Reception EssayKnowing the audience postulate, are important to communicate effectively. In the workplace, knowing the needs suspensors us to explain the what, why, how, who, and when we privy provide productivity in the workplace. In this spread abroad, I would like to pronounce my manager, about why we need another maintenance technician and certain tools for the Maintenance Shop. In this formal garner to management, what would be the need for a maintenance technician and certain tools needed to perform tasks. What being the problem, and the move we moldiness take to achieve this goal. My report will include ways to save in order to appropriate capital to be saved to allow an extra payroll. Safety issues due to the lack of an extra employee, and how we can get more productivity done within the company. Understanding, that this report must(prenominal)iness be formal, I must be sure to use the proper language, tone, and content. Because this rep ort is to be written to manage I must also provide evidence, facts, and personal experience to support my claim. Providing a plan to reach these goals will help me to better explain the where, I am trying to help the company.By explaining, how the addition of more tools, and a maintenance technician would benefit the company. This can further express the needs of the two to management. Also, providing a map of the tasks that will be accomplished, and a timeframe in which they will be completed helps to explain how it would also be dependable for the company. Not considering the audience needs can lead to communication lost, or the inability to interact effectively with the receiver of the message. The content of the report will not answer the question of what is the problem, how can we solve the problem, what stairs are needed to solve the problem, where we can find the resource to fix the problem, and why we should take these steps to accomplish other tasks. Formal reports should be written in formal. At this time, the claim that we are reservation should be supported with evidence, facts,and personal experience to be taken as factual information. The content of the report should focus on the needs of the audience, and the steps that are needed to solve the problem.Sources The five Ws An old tool for the new task of audience analysis-ProQuest (). Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com.ezproxy .apollolibrary.com/docview/2200989762/fulltext/13DA2

Saturday, April 13, 2019

Adventurous Days in Florida Essay Essay Example for Free

Adventurous Days in Florida Essay Essay at that place be triad incredible reasons I would want to convince someone to go to the state of Florida. The warm, unverbalized to believe support, the fun borderes, and incredible, come onstanding maturewalks atomic number 18 great reasons to go to Florida. These three things go hand in hand as well. You cigarette go along each day at the beach, precisely if you rush children you are sure to end up at the boardwalk, but with the nice weather Florida has, it is no problem. There are more than three reasons for me to convince you to go to warm state of Florida however, these are three of the best. The weather is incessantly nice, and you neer have to worry about snow storms. Sun block is advised if you burn easily, but it is nice weather for tanning. Family activities go on year round. Florida is a very active state referable to their amazing weather. You can do just about anything in Florida as far as sports go, because th e weather is so unusual. You wear whatever you want due to the fact it is never too cold and never too hot. All these things are terrific things about the weather in Florida.Beaches have advantages and disadvantages, but if you rake these great tips you will be just fine. The water can cool you off after a long day at work or even a day after the board walk however, sun block is strongly advised. The best part about the beach is it is convenient for everyone, because the beach is there for swimming, tanning, fun, family activities, sports, exercise, and you can even take your dog on a nice walk out there. With the many people there though, you must make sure you keep a good nitty-gritty on your children at all times. There are so many things at the beach that you can do and it is free, unlike water parks.Lastly, the fun-filled boardwalk every child wants to adventure. There are so many rides, arcades, pabulum areas, and shopping areas, and as you are doing these things you can s it back and eat while enjoying the nice sounds of the waves, or even get up and join the activity all around you. The boardwalk has many nice things to do, and the rides are there for almost everyone, of course you must be a certain height. The food and drinks are not expensive and nothing beats time with the family. Their boardwalk is like our Oklahoma State Fair times ten, considering all their rides, food stands, selling tents, and arcades. They have hotels right outside this area just for the convenience therefore, you will spend many nights just gazing at the stars and listening to the soothing, relaxing waves. This is wherefore the boardwalk is so adventurous and a must do deal there in Florida.So, as you can see, Florida has so much fun, action packed stuff in just these three things that I have listed. These are not the only three things in the state of Florida worth going. You will have a great time here, and this is where I would stir a vacation because of the nice rela xing feel it has there. Sure there are other places that have these same things but not the perfect weather all year round. With all this being said, this is why I would convince you to visit Florida.

Friday, April 12, 2019

MBA Corporate Governance And Responsibility Essay Example for Free

MBA Corporate Governance And business EssayWhy did it take 10 years to bring forth Harshad Mehta to justice? What weaknesses in the financial markets allowed such abexercising to succeed?Harshad Mehtas scam was one which involved huge magnitudes, which is why it probably came into timid in the first place.1 Scams of smaller magnitude atomic number 18 happening al well-nigh everyday at the Bombay germinate Exchange but not coming to light. in that respect are many causal agencys for this. Some of the major reasons are briefly discussed below.The Indian businesses have traditionally being family owned. Owing to c at a timentration of money in a few hands, most hoi polloi have c at a timentrated on survival and security due to which the risking sweet entrepreneurial skill has not developed much. Being family owned businesses, a lot of insider and sensitive instruction is often available to the owners and their relatives even though the company is technically a separate legal entity. attached this insider information and the relatively weak legal machinery, it is easy for the insiders to manipulate prices of stocks by large buying or selling.The reason bug outlined above in addition gives rise to the herd mentality i.e. if bulk activity is seen on a stock on a particular day in a particular response people seem to trust it quickly believing that some one with insider and reliable information is performing upon it. This is what helped Harshad Mehta in pulling off the scam. Further, in that location are hardly any checks and balances on the end use of loans given by banks and other financial institutions. They seem to be satisfied by the reputation of the borrower and once they are convinced that he screw return the money, the end use of the aforesaid(prenominal) whether for speculation or any other activity is hardly looked into.It took as long as ten years to bring Harshad Mehta to justice due to the combination of many systemic failures an d procedural lacuna. originally, it is difficult to pin point in such a huge market as to where the first default or br each(prenominal) of honor took place. Further, there are many procedural approvals that must be taken before the regulator can take any concrete action. The countrys civil procedure process is quite relax too, with many appeals available before an wrongdoer is finally convicted. Therefore, even high profile cases such as these often take several years before finally being disposed off.How can morality in the boardroom be monitored and controlled?Ethics, in the first place, is a rather complicated and complex issue. There is no straightjacket formula as variant situations would demand different measures. In the boardroom, where money is at stake, and everyone has their own business to mind, it is probably even more difficult. This has been a subject of considerable debate, and there are certain measures which companies should full generally apply, with specif ic variations in accordance with the particular situation at hand. Some of these general principles are briefly discussed below.2 Firstly, there has to be strict avoidance of concentration of primal powers and functions in a few hands. As can be seen from the Maxwell Affair of 1991, too many responsibilities in different areas of management are likely to be fatal to the company. Further, the delegation of power must not be absolute. Power corrupts, and absolute power corrupts absolutely. There should be checks and balances right upto the top level. At the top most level, where it is difficult to have checks and balances in a vertical hierarchy, the same should be had using a plane structure. Strong ethical base and principles must come in from the top and trickle down to the bottom. It is important that these principles are insisted upon, no occasion how bad a situation a company is in. They should be introduced as non-negotiable to every new employee who joins, so that when he c limbs the ranks in the corporate ladder, he is equally insistent roughly such principles. Gradually, a strong ethical culture is built.Is there a discernible deviation among Enrons fraud and Madoffs appeal to elite investors?There is quite a discernible unlikeness between Enrons fraud and Madoffs appeal to elite investors. Enrons fraud was a make water case of lack of watchful auditing and poor accounting practices. The profits were terribly overstated and the accounts were shown to pose a rosy picture of the state of affairs of the company. The true state of affairs was not revealed to the shareholders and other stakeholders in the company. The auditors were cleverly deceived, and they too didnt do any follow up action.3 Madoffs case is a much more complex one than Enron. Madoffs case has largely been seen as one which could neer be expected, and therefore no laws are in place to remedy such a situation. foreign Enrons case, which can be foreseen, Madoffs case was all overl y unique and innovative. Enrons case has been foreseen by the law makers, due to which many laws are in place to keep in check of the same.Firstly, there are accounting standards and conventions which must be adhered to by all companies. Second, all companies are statutorily require to get their accounts audited so as to doubly determine that they reflect a true and fair side of the affairs of the company. Although it has been said in a landmark decision, that an auditor is a watchdog and not a bloodhound, it can be said that the auditors failed to do an upto-the mark job in Enron and hence the scandal.4 However, in comp allowe contrast, Madoffs case is so unexpected that there are no laws which effectively deal with such a situation. He used his reputation of being an expert at the Wall Street and a continued promise to offer secured and steady returns to swindle many high net worth individuals of millions of dollars. such(prenominal) an exercise of personal confidence is diffic ult for the law to stop. Now, in retrospect, of course there are laws which mandatary certain disclosures in case of any broker or person dealing on others behalf in the stock market. Further, there are investor awareness and know-your-rights campaigns by the regulator. Thus, another importance difference between the two scandals which essentially flows from the main difference is the solutions that they demand are very different from each other.What steps would you take as an independent director on the board of a company where you had reason to believe that fraudulent or unethical activities were being carried out by the high-profile company leader?First of all, being an independent director, there is a great amount of responsibility on my shoulder to ensure that such policies are pushed for, which make it near to impossible for fraudulent or unethical activities to be carried out by any individual in the company. However, if this was to happen, there would be a series of measur es I would sample to take.Firstly, it would be important to get the whole Board of Directors, or as far as it whitethorn be practicable, into confidence so as to ensure that the top level management is not divide on such an important issue. Once this is done, it is important to have an internal conference with the suspected offender about his objectionable activities. It is important at this stage to consider all possible solutions to the problem, as forthright action against such a person should be the last resort, given that such information is curiously sensitive, and it would adversely affect the reputation of the company, if it were to get leaked.Therefore, it is also important that only so many people are made aware of such a situation as are required. It is essential that the matter not be lingered, and damage control be the top most priority. Again, every possible election should be explored including plea bargaining and settlement through mediation or negotiation.5The suspected offender should also be taken into confidence that full disclosure would be in his best interests too. No nemesis or action should be immediately taken against him, as then he might attempt to conceal the substance of the matter, which would be yieldually then take a long time to be fathomed. Any severe action contemplated should be taken only once the issue has been fully resolved.Finally, once the issue has been resolved, there should be a fall back to see why such an event happened, and what can the company do in future to prevent it. The offender should not be let off lightly, as this may go on to set a bad example. At the same time, the best interests of the company in the long run must be kept in mind.REFERENCESAnonymous, Harshad Mehta A poop to Remember f. www.casestudy.co.in (Last Visited 25 July, 2010).Anonymous, list Biscayne Connection in Madoff Scandal, Key Biscayne Times, 23 July, 2010.Cathy Thomas, hindquarters the Enron Scandal, TIME Magazine, June 2002 .Kevin MacDonald, Is the Madoff Scandal Problematic?, Occidental Quarterly Online, July 2010.Stephanie Maier, How global is good corporate validation?, EIRIS Report, Aug 2005.1 Anonymous, Harshad Mehta A Scandal to Remember c.f. www.casestudy.co.in (Last Visited 25 July, 2010).2 Stephanie Maier, How global is good corporate governance?, EIRIS Report, Aug 2005.3 Cathy Thomas, Behind the Enron Scandal, TIME Magazine, June 2002.4 Kevin MacDonald, Is the Madoff Scandal Problematic?, Occidental Quarterly Online, July 2010.5 Anonymous, Key Biscayne Connection in Madoff Scandal, Key Biscayne Times, 23 July, 2010.

Wednesday, April 10, 2019

Organizational Behavior in Criminal Justice Essay Example for Free

organizational Behavior in Criminal Justice Essay organizational conduct in a fell legal expert agency is the way in which employees and their superiors interact amongst themselves and with one another both positively and negatively. organizational behavior itself is the study of social conduct as it relates to the confines of a specific group. It is the study of how an one-on-one or group interacts with one another and the dynamics of the personal relationships that evolve from that contact (Duan, Lam, Chen, Zhong, 2010). The shifting range of a function trends describe by Schermerhorn, Hunt, and Osborn (2008) flock be used to delve further into the understanding of the organizational behavior that exists in most criminal justice agencies. The archetypical performance falls into one of seven categories perpetration to ethical behavior, importance of human nifty, demise of command-and-control, emphasis on team work, pervasive influence of data technology, respect for new custody expectations, and changing c beers. From these trends both positive and negative characteristics of criminal justice agencies can be identified.Commitment to ethical behavior Highly publicized scandals involving unethical and illegal business practices affect concerns for ethical behavior in the workplace there is growing intolerance for breaches of public faith by organizations and those who run them (Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn, 2008, para. 14). In criminal justice agencies ethical violations often are handled with little fan fair. any(prenominal) level of impropriety introduced in the prying public eye can come innumerous repercussions. The injury of public support and trust can be a huge task, but it affects the internal grammatical construction too. Depending on how fairly and swiftly the situation is handled determines whether or not those in charge gain or lose respect. Judgments will be passed on how the situation was controlled, and how it should have be en dealt with. In delicate matters like this behaviors of retribution and accusations of bias are important to be kept at a minimum.Importance of human capital A dynamic and complex environment poses continuous challenges sustained success is earned through knowledge, experience, and commitments of good deal as valuable human assets of organizations (Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn, 2008, para. 14). The workforce is the heart of a criminal justice agency. It should be the wizard most cherished asset. The appreciation of experience by an organization is vital. But more importantly the recognition, respect, and tendency by new members and seasoned is a must. This necessity recognizes a clear chain of command and good example of training. Demise of command-and-control Traditional hierarchical structures are proving incapable of handling new environmental pressures and demands they are universe replaced by flexible structures and participatory work settings that fully value human capi tal (Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn, 2008, para. 14). Shared function and the extinction of the because it has always been done that way is a requirement in the modern criminal justice agency. It is being replaced by the attitude that the old way is not always the best way, and we all have a lot to learn from one another.While command still flows in one complaint ideas can come from anywhere. Emphasis on teamwork Organizations today are less vertical and more even in focus driven by complex environments and customer demands, work is increasingly team found with a focus on peer contributions (Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn, 2008, para. 14). In a criminal justice agency teamwork whitethorn have become common place, but improvements still need to be made in the sphere of influence of information sharing. While no man is an island, neither is an agency. For the sake of public welfare resources need to be pooled. Pervasive influence of information technology As computers penetrate all asp ects of the workplace, implications for workflows, work arrangements, and organizational systems and processes are far-reaching (Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn, 2008, para. 14). We are in the information technology age and the correct resources and know-how can be the deciding means in the constant struggle between criminals and policing agencies.Increased educational and computer skills demands are needed to elevate and maintain an advantage at any level of criminal justice agency. Respect for new workforce expectations The new generation of workers is less tolerant of hierarchy, more informal, and less concerned about status organizations are paying more attention to helping members balance work responsibilities and personal affairs (Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn, 2008, para. 14). While a certain amount of attention should be paid to new workforce expectations it is important not to compromise the integrity of the job expectations. A balanced life should lead to a happy and relaxed e mployee who theoretically should besides be more accomplishmentive and efficient in an effort to maintain employment in the craved environment.Employers must remain fair but also realize their top priority in the criminal justice field is not to ensure employee happiness. An employee who can balance work and a secret life on his own should be a valuable commodity. Changing careers The new realities of a planetary economy find employers using more offshoring and outsourcing of jobs more individuals are now working as free-lance contractors rather than as traditional full-time employees (Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn, 2008, para. 14).In criminal justice agency this trend is no different. It is not uncommon for governments to hire private security firms and private corrections companies. However, by outsourcing such positions force play is lost in the public sector. Monitoring a regulations create more work when dealing with out of doors policing forces. It also opens up a gray ar ea for bad behavior and a hired catalyst mentality. While roles may be redefined privatization of criminal justice agencies can be more of a problem than a convenience. Study of workplace environments and the effects of the personnels behavior can only comprehend to bring about recognition of areas in need of improvement.Works CitedDuan, J., Lam, W., Chen, Z., Zhong, J.A. (2010). Leadership justice, negative organizational behaviors, and the mediating effect of affective commitment. Social Behavior Personality An International Journal, 38(9), 1287-1296. Retrieved from http//biere.louisiana.edu2092/ehost/detail?hid=17sid=5d563aca-ec9a-43c49e42db48b73a6784%40sessionmgr4vid=4bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3ddb=sihAN=54018927Schermerhorn, J.R., Hunt, J. G., Osborn, R. N. (2008). Organizational Behavior. Available from https//ecampus.phoenix.edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content/eReader.aspx.

Tuesday, April 9, 2019

Music History Essay Example for Free

medicine History Essay unison, as they say, is a universal lecture. Unlike dialects, unison plunder be understood by many sans, the lyrics spoken in a divers(prenominal) country. The guileless humming of a child, done in mostly minor chords, bottom of the inning take a crap everyone feel a little emotional or sad. A happy song fil conduct with trumpets, saxophones and lively guitar tabs can make batch excited and get them any to dance. Music can unite people regardless of their age, gender and work, which is why it is considered a universal language. Through Those Years The history of transmission line dates back before the 1800s, b bely that is only to put a legal timeline to the evolution of practice of medicine.Since euphony is universal, it is then safe to say that it has started level offtide in the beginning of the world. The first human creations, or the first animals, for that matter, depended on sounds that make up a structure filled with patterns th at were easily remembered, which conveyed a meaning and made people do things like play for food, identify where the predator or the prey is, or go where they should go. Music was a sign and a symbol that represented something (Murray, 2004, p. 773). Technically, though, euphony before the 1800s existed already, in a more technical sense of the concept.Music was then not righteous a collection of contrasting sounds. It became a study where people researched close to it. During the 18th century, the book entitled History of Music was written and published by GB Martini. Its maestro title was Storia Della Musica. Other books followed after GB Martins, and among the many books that were published after the first one were De Cantu de Musica Sacra and Scriptores Ecclesiastici de Musica Sacra. The types of medical specialty universe studied, during these times, were classified as sacred medicine (Murray, 2004, p. 773). During 1800-1950, the evolution of melody can be seen and symphonyal history was existence more delimit.It didnt take too coherent when Johannes Wolf started to do more studies about music, specifically the type of sound that emerged during the Medieval and the Renaissance times. Musicologists depended much on the studies conducted by Johannes Wolf. Because of this, a class of art called historical musicology was termed and unquestionable. This branch of study became a significant part of the Baroque music. It in like manner became an instrument to the discipline of music during the Medieval and the Renaissance era. In particular, the movement of original per runance has a lot to do with the scholarship associated with the history of music.Musicology became a big part of the arts, and became more and more developed as time passed by. It soon became a field of study. Consequently, journals, researches, articles and current analyses be being developed to branch them out altogether, in order to produce more studies to be published. Music was being more defined as years went by, and it was spreading like fire all over the world (Murray, 2004, p. 773). old-fashioned Music To understand the history of music and how it changes, it is then best to use a chronology to explain the turn of events. first base at that place was ancient music.This type of music reflects all the types of music that developed in the different separate of the globe, like Mesopotamia, Egypt, Rome, Greece, China, India and Persia. In fact, music was already knock offular and rich in countries like Rome, Greece and Mesopotamia. Whatever was clunky to the people were characterized by dint of basic scales and tones, and then came music. Music spread throughout history through systems, either written or oral ( atomic number 74, 1994, p. 13). The definition of ancient music differs from time to time because of how much music is already revolving, and is continuously revolving.Today, if one defines ancient music, he can say that it is the unexampled sound that unperturbed resembles whatever is folk and traditional in that country. Today, there be modern sounds that Muslims, Egyptians, Jews, Asians, Persians, and Indians produce, precisely still has not left behind the oldest and most basic of original ancient music (West, 1994, p. 13). Persia, for example, flute, lute and guitars were already being played. Religious rituals were not complete in Persia without music. Music was significant in the lives of the Persians, especially in their unearthly life.It was in Mesopotamia where the first traces of writing were seen. It was the same time when researchers and historians traced instructions for music. The traces were fragmentary, but the authorities were sure that there was music during this time in this place. In fact, music was in made in thirds when it sires to harmony. The scales of the tuneful pieces produced were even diatonic (Leichtentritt, 2007, p. 14). Up to this day, though, how the researchers can int erpret the symbols in the ancient Mesopotamia is not a hundred pct clear. There are still controversies that have yet to be discussed and settled.The interpretation of the symbols remains to be vague. unless one thing is sure all the notations made on the cuneiform tablets were clearly that of the tunings and strings of a musical instrument called a lyre. It was as well as during this time when harps were invented and became a big part of the history of music (Leichtentritt, 2007, p. 14). In India, ancient music was in addition active. Indians were always enthusiastic when it comes to the type of musical instrument they were playing. tuneful instruments were all around India. This can be proven by how much instruments were amassed from the Indus valley civilization.Archaeological sites can prove all these. Indians had forms of music that includes Samaveda, Rigveda and Samagana. Their music was characterized from hymns, verses and melodies. It was in religious rituals where music was used the most. Indian music had basic ingredients to make a sound Indian. During the first part of a song, Shadja is always established. The grama, in this case, is being defined. Grama is the Indian term for the tonus of the scale. Indian music also lives by the two principles of consonance, which involves Avinashi and Avilopi.Avinashi is a fundamental note that should always be present in a musical piece, and with Avilopi it means that the note should never change, and that it should always stay there in that particular music piece, according to Leichtentritt (2007, p. 14). Greeks music has evolved through time. The Greeks have original musical notation style. They developed their own, no matter how risque it is. While it is true that the best musicians in Greece did not necessarily use their musical notations produced originally, it cannot be denied that a lot of Romans and Greeks still use of that original musical notation.Greek music was not exactly monophonic, although this was virtually established with their style of music (West, 1994, p. 13). There was always more than just a note to be sounded at a similar time. Double pipes and bag pipes were mostly used. These can be proven also by the ancient drawings seen on the vases and the walls of Greece. Even the oldest Greek books had authors who were able to describe what different musical techniques were being used during these times. Double flutes were also popular in Greece (West, 1994, p. 13). Middle easterly afterward the Ancient music came the Middle Eastern music.Middle Eastern music was rich in that it was characterized by different styles from different regions. When one goes to the Middle East, there are different types of music that can be seen, like zajal, Turkish folk music, Turkish authorised music, shaabi, Sufi music, rapbesk, rnbesk. Somali music, pizmonim, Persian folk, Nubian music, mawwal, Kurdish music, Egyptian Chaabi and el-Gil, Egyptian unstained music, Berber music, Arab ic Andalusian, Arabesque music, Arabic rap, Arabic pop, Algerian rai and Arabic Classical Music (Stanley, 1997, p. 126). The Islam community displays its great square up coming from the Middle East music. In fact, as the Islam used music in their rituals, Middle Eastern music spread even more quickly. The identity of Middle Eastern music is defined from the melody which is still present today in modern Middle Eastern pop and liturgical music (Stanley, 1997, p. 126). Classical Music Music evolves all around the world. In the West, music has gone a long way from the classical compositions of great masters like Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven, Carl Philipp Emanuel Back, and Franz Schubert to the catchy modern pop songs of today.Its kind of hard to imagine how music has evolved from those grand compositions to the contemporary quirky beats we hear to today, but that just proves how quickly music transforms according to the needs of the people (Stanley, 1997, p. 154). The Classical period in the West dates from about 1750 to 1820. Classical music refers to variant styles of music with root in the secular and liturgical European musical traditions of the 9th century. This type of music is characterized by romantic melodies using instruments like violins and flutes (Stanley, 1997, p.154). nonpareil striking peculiarity of classical music is its elegance. This elegance is achieved by the composers close attention to balance and proportion. For this reason, classical music never becomes obsolete. Up to now, many people around the world, whether they live in the West or not, still listen to classical music. Some people study their structures and attempt to recreate classical music using modern instruments. Others simply enjoy their relaxing melodies, which may aid them to concentrate on their tasks or even remainder better.There is even a concept called Mozart effect, as explained by Stanley (1997), which says that children who are exposed to the cla ssical music of the great genius that is Mozart are able to concentrate more on their tasks, thus resulting in better performance in school. This is just one example of the newly discovered benefits of music that are surprising ordinary people and experts around the world (Stanley, 1997, p. 8). westbound Music through the Years As the power of the West became stronger and r distributivelyed farther into different corners of the globe, music itself has profited the imprints of Western culture.More and more people hear and recognized the merits of Western music. Countries that were once colonies of Western countries are especially fermentd by Western music because the language barrier is weaker. Today, the dominant music is the world comes from the West. Classical, blues, jazz, careen, hip-hop, ballads, R n B all of these have roots in the West. The amazing thing is that since music is universal, people of different races and cultures around the world can hold dear these Western writing styles of music. Western music may influence local music, but the traditional character of music never goes away.For instance, in Japan today, pop music has obvious Western overtones, but most pop hits are all sung in Japanese. J-pop, as Japanese pop is locally called, is influenced by Western music in a lot of ways, but its characteristics are still a lot different from Western pop music. The Music of the 40s and 50s The invention and mass production of radios during the 1940s and 1950s facilitated an amazing development in musical styles. In many ways, World War II has also changed the face of music dramatically as people expressed their disappointments and refractoryness against the war through music (Melton and Weinstein, 2001, p.17). Rock and regorge has its roots in the 1940s, along with an different(prenominal) musical writing styles such(prenominal) as country, jazz, swing, folk, and boogie woogie. In the joined lands, different musical styles were expressed b y different races. Blacks had difficulty hitting the mainstream until the king of throw off and roll, point Presley, sang pit and R n B. Elvis was able to show the whites the excellent beats of rock music, which made its crossover into mainstream a lot easier. Elvis eventually became one of the biggest icons of rock and roll in the United States and around the world (Melton and Weinstein, 2001, p.17). The Music of the 60s and 70s Music received ample social influences again during the sixties and the 1970s because of the Vietnam war, the refrigerating War, and the spread of the Civil Rights movement. During this period, music clearly became a platform for various causes, including feminism, race empowerment, sexual freedom, and other liberal ideas (Frith, et. al. , 2001, p. 77). There are many musical icons that gained fame during this tumultuous period in musical history. Musicians like Joan Baez and Bob Dylan pioneered new techniques in lyrical composition.These new techniqu es inspired more artists such as Cat Stevens, Carole king, Elton hindquarters, and James Taylor to create their own groundbreaking chart-topping hits. The 60s were filled with R n B hits that were a combination of secular and gospel music. Different kinds of soul music emerged in this time, including Philly soul, Memphis soul and Motown. touristy artists such as Marvin Gaye and James Brown also found fame and fortune in the 1960s (Frith, et. al. , 2001, p. 77). Of course, music in the 1960s and 1970s cannot be discussed without mentioning the band that is probably one of the biggest influences of contemporary music The Beatles. pot Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr drew huge crowds to their concerts and sold millions through their hits. The band not only became huge in England, but also in the United States and in other countries as far as the Philippines (Frith, et. al. , 2001, p. 74). One of the amazing things about The Beatles is their ability to change th e musical landscape. While their early hits had rhythms and melodies that have the basics of rock and roll, their later albums explored new horizons. Their album, Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band was ranked by Rolling Stones magazine as the greatest album of all time.This recognition is due to the immense influence of this album on the musical styles of later genres of music (Frith, et. al. , 2001, p. 74). Music of the 80s and the 90s Western music continued to gain wide betrothal around the world during the 1980s. New Wave, hip-hop, punk rock, and heavy metal increased their markets and new musical stars were born. New Wave experimented with electronic sound and catchy, playful beats which people danced to. The various styles of rock music provided the youth the avenue to express their adventurousness and rebelliousness against the fast-paced modern world.During the 1990s, grunge musicians led by the band Nirvana took center stage in the music world. Their honest and rough lyr ics reflecting the surprise and apathy of the youth, and their loud, distorted riffs gained millions of fans in the United States. Meanwhile, hip-hop also gained wider popularity as hip-hop stars such as Dr. Dre and Puff Daddy broke into the music scene with fresh raps and rhythms (Chambers, 2002, p. 166). The 1990s were also notable for the huge popularity of boy bands, which are boy groups that sang ballads with catchy beats and lyrics.Some of these boy bands included Backstreet boys, NSYNC, Westlife, and A1. Boy bands became hugely popular because of their romantic songs which people can sing and dance to. Another group that is worthy noting is the Spice Girls who originated from the United Kingdom. This group symbolized the power of women through their songs and videos. Interestingly, the Spice Girls were a hit for both males and females. After the Spice Girls, many other girl bands soon formed, but none of them reached their extraordinary level of popularity (Chambers, 2002, p. 166). The State of Music TodayToday, contemporary music is still strongly influenced by the West. Pop, rock, hip-hop, R n B, and other genres have Western musicians leading the pack. Local music in different countries, though, are also gaining wider acceptance by fusing with the dominant music of the West or borrowing some of its elements. Music today is also crisper and clearer thanks to the high level of technology that humans have achieved through science. Albums are released in CDs or DVDs, and they can also be downloaded on the Internet. Storage of music became a lot simpler, too.Before, you need long gramophone records to store music. Now, all you need is a tiny universal serial bus (USB) retentivity device to archive all the music you want. MP3 players have also made listening to music easier since these devices can be worn or slip inside a pocket. People can now go anywhere listening to their favorite songs. The West has no monopoly over music, though. All around the w orld, many people are rediscovering the beauty of their own local melodies, and they are breathing new life into them again in the form of world music.This musical style makes use of indigenous instruments and they usually are not accompanies by lyrics. Less popular genres like this are usually produced by independent producers, thus the term indie. indie though, has its own market and continues to grow in popularity as people try to taste new musical types (Chambers, 2002, p. 166). The Human Experience of Music People change as music transforms as weve seen in our discourse of the long continuing history of music. Music is an expression of the culture that gives birth to it, and it constantly bends as various influences impinge upon it.It is an art form that never stays the same, but evolves through time. Music though doesnt transform on its own. Historical events shape music as they shape the lives of people. The art form becomes a reflection of the hopes, dreams, and grievances of the people that create and listen to it. We can see this clearly in the rebellious attitude of the music from the 40s and 50s because of World War II, and the free spirit of the music from the 60s and 70s as it protested against the Vietnam War and the Cold War (Frith, et. al. , 2001, p. 77).In many ways, musicians deliberately voice out their protests through the songs that they sing. For example, John Lennons animadvert is a clear reaction to the dangers of the Cold War and other social inequalities at that time (Frith, et. al. , 2001, p. 77). However, music doesnt always send clear messages all the time. In fact, most of the time, composers unconsciously express their sentiments and the sentiments of their generation through the beat of their songs, or through their melodies. Perhaps the greatest thing about music is its universality.Since everyone can assess good music, the art form traverses national and ethnic boundaries, bridging people together no matter where they com e from. Good music will always be good music regardless of a individuals educational or cultural background. Of course, a soul may need to expose himself repeatedly to a new genre to appreciate its beauty. But its not difficult to do that if the genre is indeed good. The universality of music is now more apparent than ever before because of the Internet. Musical influences are easier to share ever since artists living in opposite sides of the globe can listen to each others work.Its not only artists though who benefit from the cyberspace, but also the listeners. Downloadable MP3 songs are all over the Internet, some of them free, others for sale for a small price. With a click of a mouse, a person online can listen to Middle Eastern music, classical music, rock and roll, hip-hop, world music, or whatever genre he wants. Music is bringing people closer and closer to each other. Time and space are quickly becoming negligible factors as people find satisfaction and comfort in just en joying different musical styles.Old styles themselves are disappearing as traditional barriers are broken and various genres fuse together to create new ones. The result is that people are able to understand each other better through listening to different kinds of music. People are becoming more extensive of each others differences as they see that theyre all just human beings enjoying music The incoming is bright for musicians and listeners around the world as technology allows music to cross more borders. Soon, everyone will be able to appreciate a variety of musical genres regardless of their original countries or ethnic backgrounds.As people listen to their CDs, MP3s and musical devices, they will realize that their hopes and dreams are one. They will realize that while music came from different corners of the world, it speaks of the universal desire of human beings for unity and peace. Bibliography Chambers, Stuart. (2002) Yes An Endless Dream of 70s, 80s and 90s Rock Music an wildcat Interpretative History in Three Phases. General Store Publishing House. Frith, Simon, Will Straw and John Street. (2001) The Cambridge Companion to Pop and Rock.Cambridge University Press. Leichtentritt, Hugo. (2007) Music, History and Ideas. Read Books Publications. Melton, William and Randy Weinstein. (2001). The Complete Idiots Guide to Playing the Harmonica. Alpha Books. Murray, Christopher John. (2004) encyclopedia of the Romantic Era, 1760-1850. Taylor Francis Publishing, Inc. Stanley, John. (1997) Classical Music An Introduction to Classical Music Through the Great Composers Their Masterworks. Penguin Group USA. West, Martin Litchfield. (1994) Ancient Greek Music. Oxford University Press.

Sunday, April 7, 2019

Women, Health, and the Environment Essay Example for Free

Wo manpower, Health, and the surroundings Essay-These tether voice communication together speak to a web of issues and concerns that ch every(prenominal)enges us to think immaterial the proverbial box and silos that keep us narrowly foc recitationd and divided. We must think and act from a holistic perspective if we argon ever to reverse the milieual degradation and friendly in concernities on the orbiter and create environment on the wholey sustainable, economicalally viable, and socially equitable gender-sensitive societies.A discussion of womens health and the environment must similarly include issues of poverty, hunger, food, security, racism, piss, sanitation, agriculture, trade, aptitude, species extinction, biodiversity and climate change. Our agenda for womens health and environment must also address access and ripe to live with dignity, sustainable livelihoods, shelter, education for girls, political power and close making, intimateity, and granting imm unity from violence, conflict and war.Today umpteen feminists believe we ar in a third wave of womens liberation act, angiotensin-converting enzyme that challenges the idea if dualism itself while recognizing diversity, particularity, and embodiment. By theorizing from the nonion of embodiment, recent iterations of feminism are beginning to reweave the specific wave-particle duality between culture and disposition, an especially important endeavor in these environmentally disturbing times. These feminisms, rather than running(a) from established and usually abstract foundational theories, begin from the situated perspectives of different women.Beyond this general congruence, however, there are several different foci in the feminisms seen as third wave today. One of the close intractable problems veneering environmentalists is how to address global environmental issues recalln the very different, frequently conflicting, flairs that constitution is valued within and ac ross cultures. In m either part of the world, nature is valued as an exploitable resource that when used efficiently potty raise standards of living, improve the quality of life, or increase the wealth of a select few.In early(a) places, people believe that economic take onment efforts must be sustainable promoting natural equaliser and improving living standards are value that can be achieved simultaneously. For many people, the value of global justice suggests that rich nations must do more to protect the global environment in order to cede for the legitimate improvement of the quality of life of the curt. To make things more complicated, there are additional values beyond the value of nature, and the value of justice.Ecofeminism, in the united States, originated during the blink of an eye wave of feminism as women in the peace movement began to perceive the interrelationships of militarism, sexualityism, racism, classism and environmental damage. The theorizing of how this environmental damage was related to womens burden near ness and the conquest of other people, together with theorizing form the perspectives of the women involved, including women in the so-called cracking world, became evident during the time head seen as the emergence of third-wave feminism.Consider basic issue-womens everyday living environments and womens access to water and sanitation. Millions of poor women in urban and rural areas around the world do not collapse access to arctic and affordable water or toilets. Unsafe water causes health problems such(prenominal) as diarrhea, schistosomiasis, trachoma, hepatitis, malaria and poisoning. The care of anxious family members is usually the responsibility of women and takes time away from their income generating initiatives. To ill health, add the damage and suffering from the death of an estimated three million children a year from contaminated water-related diseases.In the rural area of Garla Mare, Romania, the maj ority of the water sources-the swell are contaminated with nitrates, chemicals, heavy metals and bacteria. Amongst other things, high nitrate levels in drinking water are conjugated to blue baby disease or acute infantile methaemoglobinaemia. Women in Romania a tenacious with Women in Europe for a Common Future (WECF) are forming together to document sources of contaminated water, develop strategies to loose water with topical anesthetic authorities and run educational campaigns demonstrating the links between polluted water and ill-health (Merchant, 1980.Due to deforestration, the loss of vegetation, and the lack of toilets, rural women bedevil to rise earlier and walk except to expect to their daily ask. In urban areas, slums often lack hygienic and secure toilets for women. Women and girls in many countries get under wizards skin been sexually and physically assaulted in the night when attempting to use the go forthside, or toilets that are too far from their kins. W omen in the US are also organizing to question poor water quality as water supplies in many US cities and towns are contaminated with industrial and agricultural chemicals.Access to safe and affordable sanitation services is critical for womens and girls dignity, health, and safety. Human-made chemicals and metals that are persistent, biomagnifying and endocrine disrupting such as atrazine, 2, 4-D, and lindane, have been used extensively in agriculture, industry, and the home and garden. Some of these chemicals are also called POPs (Persistent Organic Pollutants). They are the subjected of the United Nations Stockholm Convention for the protection of charitable health and the environment.These same chemicals are readily found in foretokenhold sprays and cleaners, pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, and in our food. Chemicals enter into natural systems and are having devastating conflicts on wildlife. For example, there is evidence that some alligators, Western gulls , and Rainbow trout are developing rudimentary sexual organs, Western and Herring gulls are exhibiting mating behaviour of both genders, frogs are beingness born with missing tree branchs and eyes, and Beluga whales are dying from immune curtailment and cancer.Human beings are at the top of the food chain and health impacts similar to those on wildlife are being documented around the world. Widely documented are the health impacts on agricultural and horticultural workers, many of whom are poor women and children with limited options for other livelihoods. Lead, dioxins, DDT and PCBs are found in womens breast milk, from indigenous women in the Aral Sea region of Central Asia.Human exposure to these chemicals is linked to endocrine disruption, learning impairment and hyperactivity in children, as well as cleft lip and palate, spina bifida and limb anomalies. Environmental contamination has resolvented in women in the North and in greater numbers in the second facing increase r isks of fertility problems, spontaneous abortion and miscarriage, procreative system abnormalities, immune system disorders and cancer. embrace cancer has become major womens disease, transcending class, race, ethnicity, culture, sexual orientation and geographical location.The complexity of womens sexual and reproductive health issues and illnesses underlines the need for womens right to decision making and authorization of their sexuality, sexual and reproductive health, and their right to relevant services through with(predicate) the public health care system. While women are often dismissed from discussions on button, it is a central issue concerning womens quality of life. Poor women who use woodwind fuel and charcoal to cook indoors are exposed to poor air quality and an increased risk of severe respiratory problems.While nuclear proponents advertise nuclear energy as clean energy, they deliberately ignore the impacts of radiation and nuclear waste and the work of many wo men who have researched and critiqued the dangers of nuclear energy and weapons. Seventeen years later the Chernobyl nuclear disaster of 1986, medical research shows that 70% of pregnant women in the Ukraine have extra-genital and obstetrics disorders including anemia, late toxicosis, cardiovascular disorders and urogenital diseases (Merchant, 1980). Increases in the frequency and severity of floods and drought have been linked to changing global climate regimes.A recent study on the impact of floods on women and girls in Cambodia highlights a number of issues. These include an increase in food insecurity and loss of crops veneration of losing children to the floods risk of drowning because women and girls are not taught to swim disaster-related debt and the corresponding increase in workloads of women as men immigrate to cities and the resulting stress and fear of HIV and sexually transmitted infections brought back from men engaging with other partners in the cities.While the s tudy did not document an increase in wife assault during the disaster period or after, it did identify that the fear of assault is a constant factor enmeshed in womens daily life and an ever present threat that colours womens actions and involvement in decision making. The lack of political depart and commitment from many national governments and major worldwide bodies, handle the external Monetary Fund (IMF), have degraded natural environments and subjected women citizens to increasing poverty by a loss of livelihoods and a reduction in accessibility to health, education, and other basic services.Extensive research and documentation has present the negative economic and social impacts of programs like the structural adjustment programmes o the IMF on African women. other come along advocated by feminists such as Shulamith Firestone is the liberation of women through reproductive engine room. This approach includes a spectrum of possibilities that would give women the right t o choose when and if they wish to bear and raise children male and female contraceptive devices, voluntary vasectomies and tubal ligations, amniocentesis and genetic counseling an, ultimately, test-tube reproduction and cloning.Science and technology are here viewed as potentially liberating and progressive, yet these approaches also raise a host of difficult honorable questions about the nature of control over life itself. For example, amniocentesis allows the woman to know the sex of her unborn child and thus to patch up whether or not to abort the fetus. If through contraceptive and genetic technology families decide to have one or two children and to make the setoff child a male, then an increase in the attribute of males in society could result.If the psychological approach to the woman-nature question is valid, and if trust children tend to be more passing motivated, aggressive, and domineering than second children, then the outcome could be an increase in dominating males , with negative implications for women and nature. For many women who have become aware of environmental hazards and nuclear technologies through environmentalism and have become conscious of sexism through feminism, the appropriate technology movement presents an appealing alternative.Here the hands on skills necessary for personal pick and control over ones own life are revered, and low-environmental-impact technologies are the movements hallmarks. Women involved in the appropriate technology movement, however, find great satisfaction in building bridges, solar collectors, greenhouses, and doing home repairs themselves, without resorting to high-cost contractors. Carpentry and plumbing skills taught to groups of women by other women rather than male experts are popular forms of education.The social economic analysis of the woman-nature question accepts many of the insights of the foregoing feminists but is critical of the idea of universal sex oppression and of the dichotomies pu blic-private and self-other as explanatory categories. Rather than postulating a separate sex/gender system as the framework of analysis, this approach examines the historical context of male and female gender roles in different systems of economic production. The simultaneous emergence of the womens and environmental movements over the past two decades raises additional questions about the relationships between feminism and environmental scientific discipline.The structures and functions of the natural world and of human society interact through a quarrel common to both. morality in the form of description, symbol, religion, and myth help to mediate between humans and their world. Choices are implied in the words used to describe nature choices of ways in which to view the world and ethical choices that influence human behavior toward it. Ecology and feminism have interacting languages that imply certain common policy goals. These linkages might be described as go ons 1. All parts of a system have equal value.Ecology assigns equal splendor to all organic and inorganic components in the structure of an ecosystem. Healthy air, water, and soil-the abiotic components of the system-are all important(p) as the full(a) diverse range of biotic parts-plants, wildcats, and bacteria and fungi. Without all(prenominal) element in the structure, the system as a whole cannot function properly. Remove an element, reduce the number of individuals or species, and erratic oscillations may appear in the larger system. Similarly, feminism asserts the equality of men and women. Intellectual differences are human differences rather than gender-or race-specific.The lower define of women stems from culture rather than nature. Thus policy goals should be directed toward achieving educational, economic, and political equity for all. Ecologists and feminists alike will therefore assign value to all parts of the human-nature system and take care to examine the long and short range consequences of decisions affecting an individual, group, or species. In cases of ethical conflict, each case must be discussed from the perspective of the interconnectedness of all parts and the good of the whole. 2. The earth is a home.The flat coat is a home ground for living organisms houses are habitats for groups of humans. Each ecological niche is a position in a community, a hole in the energy continuum through which materials and energy enters and leaves. Ecology is the study of the earthly concerns sept. Human houses whether sod houses, igloos, or bungalows, are structures in an environment. Most are places wherein life is sustained-shelters where food is prepared, clothes are repaired, and human beings cared for. For ecologists and feminists the hide outs house and the human house are habitats to be cherished.Energy plays in and out molecules and atoms enter and leave. Some chemicals and forms of energy are life-sustaining others are life-defeating. Those tha t ensue to sickness on the planet or in the home cannot be tolerated. Radioactive wastes or potential radioactive hazards are present in some peoples environments. high-risk chemicals permeate some backyards and basements. Microwaves, nitrite preservatives, and cleaning chemicals have invaded the kitchen. The home, where in fact women and children spend much of their time, is no longstanding a haven.The soil over which the house is built or the rocks used in its construction may emit radon, potentially a source of lung cancer. The walls, furniture, floor coverings, and insulation may chink urea formaldehyde, a nasal, throat, and eye irritant. Leaky gas stoves and furnaces can take a crap nitrogen dioxide and ascorbic acid monoxide, resulting in nausea, headaches, and respiratory illnesses. An impedance garage in an apartment building can be an additional source of indoor carbon monoxide. The homes faucets may be piping in carcinogenic drinking water, formed by the action of centilitre on organic compounds in reservoir supplies.Disinfectants sprayed where people eat or children play may contain phenols, aerosols, or ammonium chlorides that can produce toxic effects on the lungs, liver, and kidneys, or act as nervous system depressants. Over cleaners may contain caustic alkalis. The bathroom and bedroom any feature cosmetics and shampoos that can produce headaches, eye-make up contaminated by bacteria and fungi, deodorants laced with hexachlorophene and hair dyes containing aromatic amines that have been linked to cancer. The kitchen may have microwave oven and the living room a color television system emitting low-level radiation when in use.The refrigerator may be stocked with food containing nitrite preservatives, food dyes, and saccharin-filled clean drinks suspected as potential carcinogens. In the cupboards pewter pitchers or dishes containing lead glazes can slowly contribute to lead poisoning, especially when in contact with acidic foods. The indoor atmosphere may be filled with cigarette, cigar, or tobacco smoke, containing particles that remain in the air and accumulate even in the lungs of non-smokers. For ecologists and feminists alike, the goal must be the reversal of these life-defeating intrusions and the restoration of healthy indoor and outdoor environments.3. Process is primary. The first law of thermodynamics, which also the first law of ecology, asserts the conservation of energy in an ecosystem as energy is changed and convinced in its continual flow through the interconnected parts. The total amount of energy entering and leaving the Earth is the same. The science of ecology studies the energy flow through the system of living and non-living parts on the Earth. All components are parts of a steady-state process of growth and development, death, and decay. The world is active and dynamic its natural processes are cyclical, balanced by cybernetic, stabilizing, feedback mechanisms.The stress on dynamic proces ses in nature has implications for change and process in human societies. The exchange and flow of information through the human community is the basis for decision making. Open discussion of all alternatives in which ecologists and technologists, lawyers and workers, women and men participate as equals is an appropriate goal for both environmentalists and feminists. Each individual has ascertain and knowledge that is of value to the human-nature community. 4. There is no free lunch. No free lunch is the essence of the laws of thermodynamics.To produce organized matter, energy in the form of work is needed. But each step up the extend of organized life, each material object produced, each commodity manufactured increases entropy in its surroundings, and indeed increases the reservoir of energy unavailable for work. Although underpaid environmentalists are said to accept free lunches, nature cannot continue to add free goods and services for profit-hungry humans, because the ulti mate costs are too great. Thus, whenever and wherever possible, that which is taken from nature must be given back through the recycling of goods and the sharing of services.For feminists, reciprocity and cooperation rather than free lunches and household services are a desirable goal. Housewives frequently spend much of their waking time attempt t undo the effects of the second law of thermodynamics. Continually trying to create order out of disorder is energy consumptive and spiritually costly. Thus the dualism of separate public and private spheres should be break up and male and female roles in both the household and the workplace merged. Cooperation between men and women in each specific context-childrearing, day-care centers, household work, productive work, sexual relations, etc.-rather than separate gender roles could create emotional rewards. hands and women would engage together in the production of commodities that are costly to nature. Technologies appropriate to the task, technologies having a low impact on the environment, would be chosen whenever possible. Resistance to a feminist-environmental coalescency comes form both movements. Environmental coalition comes from both movements. Environmentalists react negatively to the intrusion of feminists issues that seem to them to muddy and complicate an already difficult struggle.At anti-nuclear rallies and solar technology conferences, the presence of lesbian feminists challenging male control of technology may seem particularly galling. Increasingly, in countries of the South and North, many governments are failing to defend and conjure womens hard earned rights to live free of violence from either family members or the State, and to have right and access to health services, as well as specific programmes to address gender concerns as in the case of the HIV/AIDS pandemic.For poor rural women, government supported privatization of common property resources such as forests, wetlands, fallow field s, pasturelands, etc. make it nearly impossible to find precarious levels of substinence living thus, further marginalizing those women who rely on common property resources for food, fodder and raw materials. Moreover, many of these groups establish ritual behaviors that maintain steady-state equilibrium between population and resources. Here nature and culture are not separated dichotomies in which nature is devalued and culture elevated.The nonhuman world is alive, sensitive, intelligent, and on a par with the human portion. In some cultures animals are members of separate societies governed by special spirits particular rocks and trees are sacred and the Earth is a living nurturing mother. Women and men perform different tasks and have different roles, but each is essential to the survival of the group as a whole and neither is devalued. The society is geared to the production of use values as the material basis for sustaining life.Like postcolonial and generational/youth cultu res, feminisms increase interest in ecofeminism has been evident in the last several years. Some ecofeminists, however, posit that, as a term, ecofeminism informally appeared, here and there, worldwide, in the 1970s, usually as a reaction to so-called development activities. The Chipko Movement, the movement that began when village women of Himalayan India organized in the 1970s to protect their forests, as described by their province woman, Vandana Shiva, and noted above, is most often specifically cited as the beginning of ecofeminism.In the West, an ecofeminist centering in activism emerged during the second wave of the womens movement and was predicated on seeing the relations between militarism, sexism, racism, classism, and environmental damage. By the center field 190s, many women, committed to direct action against militarism, started naming themselves ecofeminists to depict the interdependencies of their political concerns.As ecofeminism evolved, it took up additional i ssues such as toxic waste, deforestation, military and nuclear weapons policies, reproductive rights and technologies, animal liberation, and domestic and international agricultural development, in its efforts to reweave the nature/culture dualism. Ecofeminism is distinct, however, in its insistence that nonhuman nature is a feminist concern. Ecofeminist theory utilizes principles from both ecology and feminism to inform its political organizing and its efforts to create equitable and environmentally estimable lifestyles.From ecology, it learns to value the interdependence and diversity of all life forms from feminism, it against the insights of a social analysis of womens oppression that intersects with other oppressions such s racism, colonialism, classism, and heterosexism. Ecofeminism, in its use of ecology as a sticker for human behavior, suggests that we act out of recognition of our interdependency with others, all others human and nonhuman. Ecofeminist politics embrace het erogenous strategies and solutions.Ecofeminists do share a broad vision of a society beyond militarism, hierarchy, and the destruction of nature, but like feminism itself, they often have different analyses and strategies for achieving them. In many ways, an ecofeminist style of politics the notion of local resistance against power relations. Ecofeminists understand power as multiplicity of force relations that are not centered, but are diverse and are constantly being reproduced. While ecofeminsm emphasizes local activism, it also maintains the importance of a global perspective.In ecofeminism, where everything is seen as interconnected and/or interdependent, there is a serious ask for women whose cultures and geographic locations are being foisted croded as a result of so-called development projects that are being foisted on the third world. Ecofeminists challenge the relationship between economic growth and exploitation of the natural environment, and as noted above, ecofeminist anthologies contain work by and about women resisting ill-conceived development projects in the third world, in addition to those in the West.The relation of ecofeminism theory to political activism is ideally informative and generative, not perspective. The activism that is undertaken is a result of the individuals who are involved reflecting on an actual problematic situation or issue. Because of ecofeminism recognizes that sexism, racism, classism, heterosexism, speciesism, and naturalism are inversely reinforcing systems of oppression, the work o end any oppression is valuable. Using ecology as a model for understanding these interdependencies and the value of diversity enables ecofeminists to include many kinds of political action.Ecofeminist theory, in turn is expanded by focusing on the actual activities, as articulated by the embodied voices of the participants. Social justice cannot be achieved apart from the well-being of the Earth. Human life is dependent on the Earth o ur fates are intertwined. Ecofemism is spiritual, too, emphasizing that the Earth is sacred unto itself. And a strong recognition of the necessity of sustainability-a need to learn the many ways we can walk the fine line between using the Earth as resource while respecting the Earths need.One of the main endeavors of ecofeminism, in its efforts to reweave the nature/culture duality, is to understand the ideology that bear ons the domination of women, other humans, and nonhuman nature. There are many approaches taken by ecofeminists who are engaged in analyzing how the seduction of women, other suppressed people and nature are interconnected. Karen Warren (2000), writing 10 years after the Diamond and Orenstein anthology, in her work Ecofeminist Philosophy A Western Perspective on What It Is and Why It Matters, discerns 10 directions ecofeminists take to theorize these interconnected subjugations.Warren terms these various approaches historical and causal, conceptual, empirical, so cioeconomic, linguistic, symbolic and literary, spiritual and religious, epistemological, ethical, and political. libber who take the historical and causal approach to inform the interconnected subjugations of women, other suppressed people, and nature, suggests that the ubiquitous ness of androcentrism with its accompanying phenomenon, the patriarchal domination of women and nature, is the source of environmental degradation.Riane Eisler and Carolyn Merchant are examples of feminists who present varying accounts of this approach. They explain how and approximately when societies that previously had been living essentially in concord with nature and with each other became subjugate by patriarchal domination. Societies, in these accounts, then become disharmonious in their relationships. A second approach some ecofeminists take to understand the ideology that perpetuates domination is an analysis of conceptual frame workings that have functioned historically to perpetuate and just ify the dominations of interconnected subjugations.Conceptual frameworks function as socially constructed lenses through which one perceives reality. These conceptual works can be oppressive because of the part plated by rationalism in the domination of women and nonhuman nature illustrates. Rationalism explains how structures of domination are based in hierarchically organized value dualism and an exaggerated focus on reason and rationality divorced form the realm of the body, nature, and the physical (Warren 2004, p. 24). Warren, she, makes similar conceptual connections.She locates these connections in an oppressive patriarchal conceptual connection. She locates these connections in an oppressive patriarchal conceptual framework, mediated by what she calls a logic domination. This logic raises the moral premise for domination/subordination relationships based on socially constructed dualistic notions of superiority/inferiority. Empirical interconnections are made by ecofeminist s who use verifiable evidence to document the plug into among dominations.Using this kind of data, they are able to illustrate, for example, that subordinate groups suffer disproportionately form industrial environmental pollutants. Coinciding with postcolonial feminism, some ecofeminists using the empirical interconnections approach, furnish data to show how womens inability to provide adequate sustenance for themselves and their families is caused by first-world development policies such as those destroying subsistence agriculture and/or the productivity of the land. spirit like womens bodies and labor is colonized by the inter-workings of capitalism and patriarchy in first-world development. Some ecofeminists, who follow the concept formation that is strongly influenced by language, make linguistic interconnections to explain subjugation. They maintain that language is diametrical in maintaining mutually reinforcing sexist, racist, and naturist views of women, people of color, and nonhuman nature.They call our attention to the considerable extent that Euro-American language contains illustrations of sexist-naturist language depicting women, animals, and nonhuman nature as having less value than men. Related to this approach is the ecofeminist animal welfare analysis that the oppression of nonhuman animals, is based on a variety of women-animal connections for example, sexist-naturalist language, images of women and animals as expendable objects, pornographic representations of women as meat, male perpetuated violence against women and nonhuman animals, (Warren 2000, p. 126).Another method-that of making symbolic and literary interconnections-is seen in a new genre of literary analysis ecofeminist literary criticism. This genre has emerged as a way to appraise literature according to criteria of ecological and feminist values. Ecofeminists using this approach, maintain that the literary canon needs to be reconsidered to include a de-homocentric approach. Ecofeminist theologians work to make spiritual and religious interconnections to explain subjugation.They discern most ancient religious myths basic to Judeo-Christian and Western traditions as ones justifying a social structure that exalts ruling-class men while denigrating others, including nonhuman nature. What many of these ecofeminist theologians subsequently have to consider is whether these religions can be meliorate or if new religions, myths, and spiritual practices are needed. Some Ecofeminist working with spiritual and religious interconnections, see womens spirituality as political.They believe the preservation of the Earth will require profound shift in consciousness, a recovery of a more ancient and traditional view that reveres the profound connection of all beings in the web of life and a rethinking of the relation of both humanity and divinity in nature (Warren 2000, p. 32). The notion of the Goddess is also invoked by many spiritual ecofeminists to express the ven eration both nonhuman nature and the human body merit. Warren further notes that knowledge and knowledge creation is studied by ecofeminists who work to make epistemological interconnections.Like postcolonial feminism, they challenge the Western view that knowledge is objective. Warren is also discusses the ethical interconnection approach made by ecofeminist philosophers who hold that a feminist ethical analysis and response is needed to show how subjugation of women, other others and nonhuman nature is interlinked. Minimally, the goal of ecofeminist environmental ethics is to develop theories and practices concerning humans and the natural environment that are not male-biased and that provide a guide to action in the prefiminist present, (Warren 20007, p. 37).Making political interconnections is integral to ecofeminism, which has always been a grassroots political movement, motivated by imperativeness pragmatic concerns (Warren 2000, p. 35). In addition to womens activism to sust ain their families and communities, the relationship of environmental and womens health to science and development projects, animal rights, and peace activism are examples of issues that